Te Tātaritanga o te Tauwehenga Pūtea me tōna Hiranga
Ko te tātari ōwehenga pūtea tētahi o ngā taputapu tino whaihua, tino whānuitia hoki hei aromatawai i te hauora pūtea o tētahi pakihi. Mā ngā ōwehenga pūtea ka taea te huri i ngā tau uaua i roto i ngā tauākī pūtea hei tohu māmā ake te mārama. Mā ngā ōwehenga ka taea e ngā rangatira pakihi, ngā kaiwhakahaere, ngā kaipupuri moni, me ngā kaituku nama te aromatawai i te mahi a tētahi kamupene mai i ngā tirohanga rerekē, pērā i te kaha ki te whakahoki nama, te whai huatanga o te whakahaere, me te hua. I waenganui i te whakataetae pakihi me te koretake o te ōhanga, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te tātari ōwehenga pūtea, nā te mea me whai pūtake mōhiohio pakari ngā whakataunga tika.
Ko te ōwehenga pūtea he whakataurite i waenga i ngā tūemi e rua i roto i tētahi tauākī pūtea. Ko ngā pūtake matua ko te tauākī moni whiwhi, te pepa toenga, me te tauākī rere moni. Hei tauira, te whakataurite i ngā rawa o nāianei ki ngā nama o nāianei hei aromatawai i te moni whiwhi, te whakataurite rānei i te moni whiwhi kupenga ki ngā hoko hei aromatawai i te hua. Mā tēnei, kāore ngā kamupene e "kite" noa i ngā tau engari ka mārama hoki ki te tikanga me te ahunga o tā rātou mahi pūtea.
He aha te hiranga o te tātari ōwehenga pūtea?
Tuatahi, ka āwhina ngā ōwehenga pūtea ki te aromatawai tere i te mahi a te kamupene. Ina hiahia te whakahaere ki te whakatau mena kei te pai ake, kei te heke rānei ngā āhuatanga pūtea, ka whakaratohia e ngā ōwehenga he whakarāpopototanga whai hua. Hei tauira, tera pea kei te piki haere ngā hoko, engari ki te heke iho ngā tawhē hua, tera pea he tohu tēnei kei te piki haere ngā utu, kei te kore rānei he rautaki utu tika. Ki te kore he ōwehenga, ka puta pea he "pai" te pikinga o ngā hoko ina ngoikore haere te hua.
Tuarua, mā te tātari ōwehenga ka taea te whakataurite i waenga i ngā wā. I ētahi wā, ka taea te whakapohehe i ngā tauākī pūtea i runga i te ingoa, nā te mea ka rerekē te tauine pakihi. Ka whakaratohia e ngā ōwehenga he inenga whanaunga pumau ake. Hei tauira, mā te ōwehenga nama-ki-te-moni ka taea e te kamupene te tirotiro mēnā kei te piki haere te mōrearea o tana hanganga pūtea i roto i ngā tau.
Tuatoru, he mea nui ngā ōwehenga pūtea hei whakataurite i tētahi kamupene ki ōna hoa whakataetae o te umanga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaipupuri moni me ngā kaitātari ngā ōwehenga hei aromatawai mēnā he pai ake te mahi a tētahi kamupene, he pai ake te hua, he mōrearea ake rānei i ētahi atu. Mā te mārama ki tēnei tūranga whanaunga ka āwhina hoki i ngā kamupene ki te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki whakapai ake kua arotahi ake.
Tuawhā, he tino āwhina te tātari ōwehenga i roto i te whakatau kaupapa. Ka taea te whai māramatanga ake i ngā whakataunga pēnei i te whakanui ake i te nama, te whakawhānui, te whakanui ake i te kaha whakaputa, te whakawhānui i te nama ki ngā kiritaki, te tapahi utu rānei ina tautokona e ngā ōwehenga e tika ana. Ehara i te mea ko ngā tau anake ngā ōwehenga; he tohu e tohu ana i ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia arohia e te whakahaere.
Ngā Momo Matua o ngā Tauwehenga Pūtea
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā ōwehenga pūtea ki ētahi wāhanga matua: te moni whiwhi, te āheinga ki te utu, te hua, te mahi/whai hua, me ngā ōwehenga mākete. He rerekē te arotahi aromatawai o ia wāhanga.
1. Ōwehenga Wairewa
Ka inehia e ngā ōwehenga moni te kaha o te kamupene ki te whakatutuki i ngā herenga wā poto. Ko te moni pai e tohu ana he nui ngā rawa o te kamupene hei utu i ana nama o nāianei. Ko ngā ōwehenga e rua e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Ōwehenga o nāianei
Ōwehenga o Nāianei = Ngā Rawa o Nāianei / Ngā Namatanga o Nāianei
E whakaatu ana tēnei ōwehenga i te maha o ngā wā e kapi ana ngā nama o nāianei i ngā rawa o nāianei. Mēnā he iti rawa te ōwehenga, ka tohu pea tēnei i te mōrearea o te kore utu, engari mēnā he nui rawa te ōwehenga, ka tohu pea tēnei kāore ngā rawa e whakamahia paitia ana (hei tauira, he nui rawa te moni e noho mangere ana).
– Tauwehenga Tere
Ōwehenga Tere = (Ngā Rawa o Nāianei – Ngā Taonga) / Ngā Nama o Nāianei
Nā te mea kāore e tere te whakakorenga o ngā rawa, ka whakaratohia e te ōwehenga tere he pikitia matawhānui ake mō te moni whiwhi.
2. Ōwehenga Whakahoki Moni (Huinga)
Ka inehia e ngā ōwehenga moni tārewa te kaha o te kamupene ki te whakatutuki i ngā herenga wā roa, me te aromatawai i te nui o te whakawhirinaki o te kamupene ki te nama.
– Te ōwehenga Nama ki te Equity (DER)
DER = Nama Katoa / Pūtea
Ko te DER teitei he tohu i te nui ake o te mōrearea pūtea nā te mea he nui te nama a te kamupene. Heoi, ehara i te mea kino te DER teitei mena ka taea e te kamupene te whakaputa moni pumau me ngā hua e tika ana.
– Te ōwehenga nama
Ōwehenga Nama = Nama Katoa / Taonga Katoa
E tohu ana tēnei ōwehenga i te ōwehenga o ngā rawa e utua ana e te nama. Ko te teitei ake o te ōwehenga, ko te nui ake o te kawenga o ngā nama ki runga i ngā rawa o te kamupene.
3. Ōwehenga Hua
Ko ngā ōwehenga hua e tohu ana i te kaha o te kamupene ki te whakaputa hua. He mea nui tēnei mō ngā kaipupuri moni me ngā kaiwhakahaere nā te mea ko te hua he tohu mō te pumau o te pakihi.
– Tapeke Hua Kupenga
Tapeke Hua Kupenga = Hua Kupenga / Hokonga
E whakaatu ana tēnei tawhē i te ōrau o ngā hoko he hua kupenga i muri i ngā utu katoa. Tērā pea he tohu te tawhē e heke ana te utu, he tohu rānei i te pikinga o ngā utu, i te kore rānei e whai hua te rautaki utu.
– Te Whakahokinga Mai o Ngā Rawa (ROA)
ROA = Hua Kupenga / Tapeke Rawa
Ka ine te ROA i te whai huatanga o te whakamahi a te kamupene i ngā rawa hei whakaputa hua.
– Te Whakahokinga Mai i te Moni Whakawhiwhi (ROE)
ROE = Hua Kupenga / Pūtea
Ko te ROE e tohu ana i te reiti hokinga mai mō ngā kaipupuri hea. He mea ātaahua te ROE teitei, engari he mea nui anō hoki kia whakaarohia mēnā nā te nui rawa o te huamoni te ROE teitei.
4. Ōwehenga Mahi/Pai
Ka aromatawaihia e ngā ōwehenga ngohe te whai huatanga o te whakamahi a te kamupene i ana rawa hei whakahaere i ngā mahi me te whakaputa moni whiwhi.
– Te Hurihanga o ngā Taonga
Te Hurihanga o ngā Taonga = Te Utu o ngā Taonga i Hokona / Te Tohatoha o ngā Taonga
E whakaatu ana tēnei ōwehenga i te tere o te hurihanga o ngā taonga. Ko te iti o te hurihanga taonga ka tohu pea i te puranga taonga, i te puhoi rānei o ngā hoko.
– Te Hurihanga Whiwhinga (Te Hurihanga Pūkete Whiwhinga)
Te Huringa Whiwhinga = Ngā Hokonga Whiwhinga / Ngā Pūkete Whiwhinga Toharite
E whakaatu ana tēnei ōwehenga i te whai huatanga o te kohikohinga o ngā nama nama. Ki te puhoi, ka tūpono te kamupene ki te pau o ā rātou moni ahakoa te nui o ngā hoko.
– Te Hurihanga Rawa Katoa
Tapeke Hurihanga Rawa = Hokonga / Tapeke Rawa
Ka ine i te kaha o tētahi rawa ki te whakaputa hoko. E whakamahia whānuitia ana tēnei ōwehenga hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga whānui.
5. Ōwehenga Mākete (Mō ngā Kamupene Tūmatanui)
Ka whakamahia ngā ōwehenga mākete e ngā kaipupuri moni hei aromatawai i te mahi a ngā kamupene e hokohokohia ana ā rātou hea.
– Whiwhinga mō ia hea (EPS): Te hua kupenga mō ia hea.
– Te Ōwehenga Utu ki te Whiwhinga (PER): Te whakatairite i te utu hea ki ngā whiwhinga mō ia hea, e whakamahia ana hei aromatawai i te uara.
Me pēhea te whakamahi tika i ngā ōwehenga
Ahakoa he whai hua, me āta whakamārama ngā ōwehenga pūtea. Tuatahi, me tiro ngā ōwehenga hei au, kaua hei tau kotahi. Ka pāngia pea te inenga kotahi e ngā āhuatanga o te wā, e ngā huringa o ngā kaupapa here kaute, e ngā huihuinga kāore e puta tonu mai. Mā te titiro ki ngā ōwehenga mō ngā wā maha ka puta he pikitia tika ake.
Tuarua, me whakataurite te ōwehenga ki ngā paerewa ahumahi. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ia ahumahi. Hei tauira, he nui te huringa o ngā taonga a ngā kamupene hokohoko, engari he nui pea ngā nama a ngā kamupene hanga me ngā kaupapa e haere tonu ana, ā, ka rerekē ngā ōwehenga whakahaere.
Tuatoru, ko te mea pai ko te tātari ōwehenga me tāpiri atu ki te tātari kounga. Kāore i te whakaatahia i roto i ngā tau ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kounga whakahaere, te kaha o te waitohu, te auahatanga hua, me ngā āhuatanga o te mākete. Mā ngā ōwehenga pūtea ka whakaratohia he "mahere," engari mā te mārama ki te horopaki ka whakaratohia he "kāpehu."
Whakamutunga
He taputapu nui te tātari ōwehenga pūtea hei aromatawai i te āhua me te mahi a te kamupene. Mā ngā ōwehenga ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi o ngā pūrongo pūtea te mārama ake ki te wairewa, te hua, te hua, me te whai huatanga o te whakahaere. He mea nui te tātari ōwehenga ehara i te mea mō ngā kaipupuri moni me ngā kaituku nama anake engari mō ngā kaiwhakahaere hoki i roto i te whakamahere rautaki, te whakahaere utu, me te pupuri i te haere tonu o te pakihi. Heoi, me whakamahi whakaaro nui ngā ōwehenga: mā te tirotiro i ngā au, te whakataurite i aua au ki ngā paerewa ahumahi, me te tāpiri atu ki ngā tātari kore-pūtea. Mā tēnei huarahi, ka taea e te tātari ōwehenga pūtea te hanga i te pūtake mō te whakatau atamai ake, pumau ake hoki.
