Ngā Tikanga mō te Ine i ngā Tawhā Ā-tinana o te Moana
He pūnaha taiao hihiri, matatini hoki te moana. Mā ngā panonitanga iti o te pāmahana, te tote, ngā ia, te teitei rānei o ngā ngaru ka pā nui ki ngā pūnaha rauropi, te rangi takutai, te haumaru o ngā kaipuke, tae atu ki ngā mahi hī ika me te tūhuratanga rauemi. Nō reira, ko te ine i ngā tawhā ā-tinana o te moana he tūāpapa nui mō te ako moana, te tātari āhuarangi, te hangarau moana, me te whakahaere rohe takutai. E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga ngā tawhā ā-tinana o te moana e inehia whānuitia ana me ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana, tae atu ki te in situ (tika tonu i te parae), te mātakitaki mamao, me ngā huarahi whakatauira.
1. Ngā tawhā ā-tinana o te moana e inehia whānuitia ana
Ko ngā ine ā-tinana o te moana e aro ana ki ētahi tawhā matua:
1. Pāmahana: Whakahaere i te mātotoru o te wai moana, te wehewehenga o ngā pou wai, me ngā tukanga whakawhiti wera o te moana me te āhuarangi.
2. Te tote: Mā te pāmahana e whakatau te mātotoru, te tohanga thermohaline, me te tohatoha o ngā papatipu wai.
3. Te mātotoru me te paparanga: E whakamārama ana i te pumau o te pou wai me te whakaranu poutū.
4. Ngā au o te moana: Ka pā ki te kawe i te wera, ngā matūkai, ngā paru, me ngā rauropi.
5. Ngā ngaru me ngā tai: Tāutuhia te pūngao i ngā rohe takutai, te pakū, me te mōrearea o te waipuke tai.
6. Taumata moana: Tohu mō te huringa āhuarangi me ngā āhuatanga o te moana-hauāwhio.
7. Te māramatanga o te wai me ngā āhuatanga whatu (me ngā tawhā ā-tinana e pā ana): Ka pā ki te urunga mārama me te hua tuatahi.
Me whakamahi i ngā taputapu me ngā rautaki ine rerekē mō ia tawhā, e ai ki ngā whāinga, te tauine wāhi-wā, me ngā āhuatanga o te wai.
2. Tikanga ine ā-roto (marae)
a. CTD (Aroturukitanga–Pāmahana–Hohonutanga)
He taputapu moana paerewa te CTD mō te ine i te kawe hiko (ka hurihia hei tote), te pāmahana, me te pēhanga (hohonutanga). Ka tukuna te CTD mai i te kaipuke mā te wini, ka tuhia he kōtaha poutū mai i te mata ki tētahi hohonutanga motuhake. Ko ngā painga o te CTD ko tōna taumira poutū teitei me te tika pai. Hei whakarite i te kounga o ngā raraunga, he maha ngā wā ka honoa te CTD me te kohi tauira wai mā te whakamahi i tētahi tauira rosette kei roto he pounamu Niskin, kia taea ai te whakataurite i ngā uara tote i roto i te taiwhanga.
b. XBT (Patiwera Whakamutunga)
Ka ine ngā XBT i ngā kōtaha pāmahana me te hohonutanga. Kāore i rite ki ngā CTD, ka taea te whakamahi noa i ngā XBT, ā, he pai ake mō ngā rangahau tere mai i ngā kaipuke e neke ana. Heoi, ko te tikanga kāore ngā XBT e ine i te tote, ā, he āwangawanga anō hoki tō rātou mō te whakatau tata i te hohonutanga mēnā he hē te tere heke o te taputapu.
c. ADCP (Kaiwhakaahua Auaha Doppler Oro)
Ka inehia e ngā ADCP te tere me te ahunga o te iahiko mā te whakamahi i te mātāpono nekehanga Doppler o ngā ngaru oro e whakaatahia ana e ngā matūriki i roto i te wai. Ka taea te tāuta i ngā ADCP:
– I runga i ngā kaipuke (i runga i te ADCP) hei mahere i ngā ia o te ara,
– Kei te taunga (pūnga pumau) hei aroturuki i ngā ia roa,
– I runga i te papa moana (e mau ana i raro) kia kite i te hanganga o te ia poutū.
Ko te painga o te ADCP he taea te whakarato i ngā kōtaha o ia au i ngā paparanga hohonu maha i te wā kotahi, he mea e tika ana mō ngā rangahau mō te tohanga toto, te puea ake, me ngā whanaketanga o te wahapū.
d. Mita iahiko me te ine tere
Haunga te ADCP, ka taea te ine i ngā ia mā te whakamahi i ngā mita ia pūwāhi (hei tauira, te rotor, te hikohiko rānei) me ngā drifters (ngā pōtae e whai ana i ngā ia mata). He tino whai hua ngā drifters mō te tirotiro i ngā tauira kawe mata o Lagrangian, pērā i te tohatoha o ngā poke, te nekehanga rānei o ngā papatipu wai huri noa i ngā taha moana.
e. Te ine tai me te pūoko pēhanga
Mā te whakamahi i ngā ine tai i ngā takutai moana, i ngā whanga rānei, ka inehia ngā tai me te taumata moana. Ka taea e ngā pūoko te whakamahi i ngā pōito miihini, i ngā radar, i ngā pūoko pēhanga rānei. I ngā wāhi takutai moana, ka taea e ngā pūoko pēhanga i runga i te papa moana te tuhi i ngā rerekētanga pēhanga e pā ana ki ngā huringa taumata wai me ngā ngaru. He mea nui ngā raraunga tai mō te whakatere, te whakamahere tauranga, me te tātari waipuke tai.
f. Te pōito ngaru me te radar ngaru
Ka inehia ngā ngaru mā te whakamahi i ngā pōito ngaru e hopu ana i te nekehanga poutū me te pari o te mata o te moana. Ko ngā tawhā ka puta ko te teitei nui o te ngaru (Hs), te wā, me te ahunga o te ngaru. I ngā rohe takutai, ka taea e ngā pūnaha radar ngaru, ngā radar X-band rānei te mahere i te mara ngaru me ngā ia o te mata huri noa i tētahi rohe motuhake.
g. Ngā inenga āhuatanga whatu: kōpae Secchi me te pūoko PAR
Ka inehia te māramatanga o te wai mā te whakamahi i te kōpae Secchi, he kōpae mā e whakaitihia ana kia kore ra ano e kitea. He tere, he iti hoki te utu o tēnei tikanga, ahakoa ka pāngia e ngā āhuatanga mārama me te āhua o te kaimātakitaki. Mō ngā rangahau taipitopito ake, ka whakamahia he pūoko PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) he turbidimeter rānei hei ine i te urunga o te mārama me te pōuriuri hei tohu mō te āhua o te wai.
3. Te Pūrongo Mamao
a. Te amiorangi pāmahana mata moana (SST)
Ka taea e ngā amiorangi me ngā pūoko infrared me ngā pūoko ngaruiti te ine i te pāmahana o te mata o te moana (SST). He pai ngā raraunga SST mō te aroturuki i ngā āhuatanga nui pēnei i a El Niño–La Niña, te pikinga o te hau, me ngā mata pāmahana. Ko ōna painga ko te whānuitanga o te kapinga me te auau teitei, engari ka hunaia ngā inenga infrared e ngā kapua, ā, ko te paparanga mata anake te tohu.
b. Te ine teitei o te amiorangi mō te taumata moana
Ka inehia e ngā mita teitei amiorangi te teitei o te mata o te moana mā te tuku i ngā pāorooro radar me te wā i ō rātou whakaata. Mā tēnei ka taea e rātou te whakaputa i ngā rerekētanga o te taumata moana e pā ana ki ngā ia whenua me te rerekētanga o te āhuarangi. He mea nui te ine teitei mō te mārama ki te tohanga o te ao, engari he iti noa iho tōna taumira i ngā rohe takutai uaua.
c. Ngā amiorangi mō te hau me ngā ngaru
Ka taea te whakatau tata i te tere o te hau i runga i te moana mā te whakamahi i ngā ine marara, ā, ka taea te tiki i ngā tawhā ngaru mā te whakamahi i ngā ine teitei me ngā tauira whakauru. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ēnei mōhiohio i roto i te matapae huarere moana me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino.
d. Ngā herenga o te pūoko mamao
He tino pai te tirohanga mamao ki te whānuitanga o te wāhi, engari ko te tikanga he tohu noa i ngā āhuatanga o te mata. Nō reira, ko te mea pai ko te whakamana i ngā raraunga amiorangi mā te ine i roto i te wāhi hei whakarite i te tika me te whai huatanga mō ngā tātaritanga atu.
4. Te taunga, ngā teihana aunoa, me ngā tirotiro mō te wā roa
Me mātakitaki tonu i ngā au o te wā roa. Ko ngā here he raupapa taputapu e mau ana ki ngā taura taumaha i runga i te papa moana me ngā pōito i runga. Ka taea e ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā kaitātari CTD, ngā ADCP, me ngā pūoko pāmahana te tuhi raraunga mō ngā marama, mō ngā tau rānei. I ngā rohe takutai, ka taea e ngā teihana aunoa (hei tauira, ngā pōito huarere-moana) te aroturuki i te hau, ngā ngaru, te pāmahana, me ngā ia i te wā tūturu, hei tautoko i ngā pūnaha whakatūpato wawe me ngā ratonga mōhiohio moana.
5. Te whakatauira tau me te whakauru raraunga
Haunga ngā ine tika, ka whakawhirinaki te omoana hou ki ngā tauira tau hei whakatauira i ngā ia, te pāmahana, te tote, tae noa ki ngā ngaru. Ka whakamahia e ngā tauira pēnei i te ROMS, HYCOM, SWAN rānei ngā whārite ahupūngao wai, ā, ka akiakihia e te hau, te tai, me ngā raraunga āhua rohe. Hei whakarei ake i te tika o te tauira, ka whakamahia te whakaurunga raraunga, ka whakauru i ngā tirohanga (CTD, pōito, amiorangi) ki roto i te tauira. Mā tēnei huarahi ka taea te hanga mahere whānui ake o ngā tawhā ā-tinana o te moana, tae atu ki ngā wāhi uaua ki te ine tika.
6. Ngā wero me ngā mahi pai rawa atu
He wero kei te pā ki te ine i ngā tawhā ā-tinana o te moana pērā i te waikura o te wai tote, te poke koiora (te piri o ngā tipu/rauropi), ngā raruraru o te rangi, me te tere o te rerekētanga o te wā. Hei whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā raraunga, me whakatinana ētahi tikanga pai:
– Te whakatikatika i ngā taputapu i mua atu, i muri mai hoki i te rangahau,
– Te whakapūmau i ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga,
– Te whakahaere kounga (tirotiro hapa, pikinga, nekenekehanga pūoko),
– Te whakakotahitanga o ngā tikanga (in-situ + amiorangi + tauira) hei tautoko tetahi i tetahi,
– Ngā raraunga katoa (te wā, te wāhi, ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, ngā tautuhinga taputapu) kia taea ai te tārua me te whakataurite i ngā raraunga.
Whakamutunga
Kua whanake haere ngā tikanga mō te ine i ngā tawhā ā-tinana o te moana mai i ngā taputapu māmā pēnei i ngā kōpae Secchi ki ngā pūnaha uaua pēnei i ngā CTD, ngā ADCP, ngā pōito aunoa, me te ine teitei amiorangi. He painga me he herenga tō ia tikanga, nō reira me whakarite te kōwhiringa tikanga ki ngā whāinga rangahau, te tauine tirotiro, me ngā āhuatanga o te mara. I tēnei wā o te huringa āhuarangi me te piki haere o ngā mahi moana, ko te whakaurunga o ngā inenga ā-roto, te ine tawhiti, me te whakatauira tau te rautaki tino whai hua mō te mārama whānui ki ngā āhuatanga o te moana me te tautoko i te whakatau kaupapa pūtaiao.
