Ngā Tikanga Mahere Ngāhere mā te Whakamahi i te Hangarau Amiorangi
He taahiraa nui te mahere ngahere i roto i te whakahaere rauemi taiao, te tiaki i te kanorau koiora, me te whakaiti i te huringa āhuarangi. I tēnei ao matihiko, kua noho te hangarau amiorangi hei tētahi o ngā huarahi tino whai hua ki te aroturuki whānui i ngā āhuatanga o te ngahere, tere, me te pumau. Kāore i rite ki ngā rangahau mara e pau ana te wā me te utu nui, ka taea e ngā whakaahua amiorangi te whakarato i tētahi tirohanga whānui o ngā rohe ngahere mai i te taumata ā-rohe ki te taumata ā-ao, ahakoa i ngā wāhi tawhiti, uaua ki te tae atu. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga matua mō te mahere ngahere mā te whakamahi i te hangarau amiorangi, mai i ngā momo raraunga me ngā wāhanga mahi ki ngā wero me ngā mahi pai.
1. He aha i whai hua ai ngā amiorangi mō te mahere ngahere?
He tino pai te hangarau amiorangi nā te mea ka taea e ia te tirotiro auau (te wā tirotiro anō), ka taea ai te aroturuki auau i ngā huringa o te uhi whenua. Ka whakaratohia hoki e ngā amiorangi ngā raraunga hītori e pā ana ki ngā tekau tau, e āhei ai ngā kairangahau ki te tātari i ngā au o te whakangaromanga ngahere, te whakahekenga, me te whakaora otaota. Hei tāpiri, nā te whānui o te whānuitanga o te kapinga, he pai ngā amiorangi mō ngā rarangi taonga ngahere, te tautuhi i ngā rohe ngahere, te whakamahere tiaki, me te kite wawe i ngā mahi ture kore pēnei i te tapahi rakau me te tahu ture kore.
Heoi anō, kāore he rohe mō te whai huatanga o te amiorangi. He maha ngā wā ka āraia e ngā kapua, te kohu, me te paoa ngā tirohanga whatu i ngā rohe pārūrū. Nō reira, ko te mahere ngahere hou e whakakotahi ana i ngā pūoko amiorangi maha hei whakaputa mahere tika ake.
2. Ngā Momo Pūoko Amiorangi mō te Mahere Ngāhere
I te nuinga o te wā, ka wehea ngā pūoko amiorangi e whakamahia ana hei mahere i ngā ngahere ki ngā rōpū nui e toru:
a) Amiorangi Whatu (Kitea–NIR–SWIR)
Ka "whakaahua" ngā amiorangi whatu i te mata o te Ao i roto i te whānuitanga e kitea ana ki te whero-whero. Hei tauira, ko Landsat, Sentinel-2, me ngā amiorangi arumoni taumira teitei. He tino whai hua ngā raraunga whatu mō te tautuhi i te taupoki tipu, te tatau i te taupū kakariki, me te wehewehe i ngā ngahere mai i ngā wāhi ahuwhenua, ngā wāhi noho rānei.
Ko te ngoikoretanga, he nui te pānga o te kapua ki ngā raraunga whatu. I ngā rohe pārūrū, he uaua te wātea o ngā whakaahua kāore he kapua.
b) Rātari Amiorangi (SAR: Rātari Āputa Hanga)
Ka tukuna e te radar ngā ngaruiti me te hopu i ō rātou whakaata. Ko tōna painga matua ko tōna kaha ki te uru ki ngā kapua me te mahi i te ao katoa. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia a Sentinel-1 me ētahi atu misioni radar hei mahere i te hanganga o te tuanui me te haumākū, me te kite i ngā huringa whenua ahakoa i raro i te taupoki kapua.
Me whai tikanga tukatuka motuhake te radar nā te mea he āhuatanga iraira ngā raraunga SAR me ngā urupare whakaata e pāngia ana e te hanganga o te mata.
c) LiDAR Amiorangi (Te Kite me te Whakawhānui i te Mārama)
Ka ine te amiorangi LiDAR i te tawhiti mā te whakamahi i ngā pāoro laser hei tiki i ngā mōhiohio toru-ahu, pērā i te teitei o te tuanui me te hanganga poutū o te ngahere. He tino whai hua ēnei raraunga mō te whakatau tata i te koiora i runga ake i te whenua me ngā taonga waro. Ahakoa kāore i te whānui tonu tōna kapinga pērā i te tirohanga whatu, i te radar rānei, ka whakakīia e te LiDAR tētahi āputa nui i roto i te whakatauira ngahere 3D.
3. Ngā Wāhanga o ngā Tikanga Mahere Ngāhere e Hangai ana ki te Amiorangi
Hei hanga i tētahi mahere ngahere e whai kawenga ana, ko te tukanga e whai ake nei i tēnei tukanga:
a) Te Whakatau i te Kaupapa me te Tauine o te Mahere
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te whakatau i ngā whakaritenga mahere: mēnā me mahere te uhi ngahere (ngahere/ehara i te ngahere), te momo uhi (ngahere tuatahi, ngahere tuarua, mangrove), te hauora o te tipu, te aromatawai koiora rānei. Mā tēnei whāinga ka whakatauhia te kōwhiringa o te pūoko, te whakataunga ā-wāhi, me te tikanga tātari.
Hei tauira, ko te mahere rohe ngahere tauine-kāinga ka hiahiatia he whakaahua tino taumira, ko te aroturukitanga o te whakangaromanga ngahere taumata-rohe ka whakamahia pea a Landsat, Sentinel rānei.
b) Te Kohi Raraunga Whakaahua Amiorangi
Ka taea te tiki raraunga mai i ngā tomokanga tuwhera pēnei i a Landsat me Sentinel, mai i ngā kaiwhakarato arumoni rānei. Haunga ngā whakaahua tuatahi, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia ngā raraunga tautoko pēnei i ngā tauira teitei mamati (DEM) mō te whakatikatika whenua, ngā mahere whakahaere, me ngā tohutoro mara.
He mea nui anō hoki te wā i kohia ai. Ko te tikanga ka mārama ake ngā whakaahua i te wā maroke, kāore he kapua, engari i ētahi wāhi, ka haere tahi te wā maroke me te paoa mai i ngā ahi.
c) Te tukatuka-mua
Ko te whāinga o te tukatuka-mua he whakarite raraunga mō te tātari. Mō ngā whakaahua whatu, ko ngā mahi noa ko:
– Whakatikatika āhuarangi (whakaiti i ngā pānga kohu/matūriki me ngā rerekētanga rama).
– Te ārai kapua me ngā atarangi kapua.
– Te whakairo i te mosaic me te tapahi i te wāhi ako.
Mō ngā raraunga SAR, ko ngā mahi matua ko te whakatikatika ine irirangi, te whakatikatika āhuahanga, me te tātari hei whakaiti i te iraira. He mea nui te tukatuka pai mō te kounga putanga, nā te mea ahakoa he iti noa ngā hapa ka arahi pea ki te whakarōpūtanga uhi whenua hē.
d) Te Tango Mōhiohio: Te Taupū Tipu me ngā Āhuatanga Āhuarangi
Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga tino noa ko te tatau i ngā tātaitai tipu pērā i te Tātaitai Huawhenua Rerekētanga Whakaōrite (NDVI) hei kite i te taumata o te kakariki. Haunga te NDVI, kei reira anō ngā tātaitai EVI, NDWI, me ētahi atu hei wehewehe i waenga i te tipu matotoru, te whenua tuwhera, ngā wāhi mākū, te ahotea tipu rānei.
I ngā wā maha, me whakakotahi ngā āhuatanga o te mahere ngahere: ngā awhi hihi, ngā tohu tipu, te kakano, me ngā taurangi whenua. Mō te radar, he mea nui anō hoki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te marara whakamuri (VV/VH) me ngā huringa porowhita.
e) Te Whakarōpūtanga Taupoki Whenua
Ko te whakarōpūtanga te kaupapa matua o te mahere ngahere. Kei roto i ngā tikanga:
– Te whakarōpūtanga e tirotirohia ana: ka whakamahia ngā tauira whakangungu mai i te whakamārama tirohanga, i ngā rangahau mara rānei. Ko ngā rauropi rongonui ko te Random Forest, te Support Vector Machine, me te Neural Network.
– Te whakarōpūtanga kore tirotiro: te whakarōpū i ngā pika i runga i te ōrite o te uara, e tika ana mō te tūhuratanga tuatahi engari me whakamārama anō i ētahi atu wā.
I ngā mahi o ēnei rā, e whakamahia pinepinetia ana te Ngāherehere Random nā te mea he pumau, he ātete ki te "haruru", ā, he pai te mahi tahi me ngā taurangi whakauru maha.
f) Te Kitenga i ngā Huringa
Hei aroturuki i te whakangaromanga ngahere, te whakahekenga rānei, ko te tikanga e whakamahia ana ko te tātaritanga maha-wā: te whakataurite i ngā whakaahua mai i ngā wā rerekē. Ka taea e ngā tikanga te māmā (ngā rerekētanga o ngā tohu tipu) te uaua ake rānei, pērā i te tātaritanga raupapa-wā, e whai ana i ngā huringa āta haere.
Mā te kite i ngā panoni ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā wāhi kua ngaro te uhi ngahere, ngā tere o te panoni, me ngā tauira ā-wāhi e pā ana ki ngā rori, ngā whenua kua whakaaetia, ngā kāinga noho rānei.
g) Whakamana i te Tika
Me whakamātau he mapi pai. Ka mahia te whakamana mā te whakataurite i ngā hua whakarōpūtanga ki ngā raraunga tohutoro, pērā i ngā wāhi rangahau mara, te whakaahua rangi/taraiwa, te whakamārama rānei i ngā whakaahua tino taumira. Ko ngā tohu e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te matihiko whakapoauau, te tika whānui, me te uara Kappa, ngā inenga rite rānei.
He mea nui te manatoko kia kore ai ngā mahere e whakapohehe i te whakatau kaupapa, inā koa mō ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui, mō te pūrongo waro rānei.
h) Te Whakaaturanga me te Tohatoha Mahere
Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga ko te whakahiato i ngā mahere ki tētahi whakatakotoranga ngāwari ki te whakamahi: he mahere kaupapa, he papaaho taunekeneke, he ratonga webGIS rānei. Mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha mōhiohio matawhenua, ka taea te whakauru i ngā mahere ngahere ki ngā raraunga whakaaetanga, ngā rohe rohe, me ngā mōhiohio pāpori-ōhanga hei tautoko i te whakamahere.
4. Ngā Wero Matua me te Āhua o te Whakakore i a rātou
He maha ngā wero mahi e pā ana ki te mahere ngahere e ahu mai ana i te amiorangi, tae atu ki:
– Te taupoki kapua teitei: e arohia ana mā te whakakotahi i ngā whakaahua maha-wā, mā te whakakotahi rānei i ngā raraunga radar.
– Te āhua ōrite o ngā āhuatanga: ka āhua ōrite pea ngā ngahere taitamariki, ngā māra whakaranu, ngā rakau iti rānei. Ko te otinga he tāpiri i ngā taurangi kakano, ngā raraunga whenua, te whakamahi rānei i ngā raraunga taumira teitei ake.
– Ngā rerekētanga o te wā me te āhua o te tipu: Ka pā pea ngā huringa o te wā ki ngā taupū tipu. Mā te tātari raupapa-wā ka taea te wehewehe i ngā huringa o te wā mai i te whakangaromanga ngahere tuturu.
– He iti noa ngā raraunga parae: Ki te kore he raraunga tohutoro, he uaua ki te whakarite kia tika. Mā ngā huarahi whai wāhi me ngā hapori o te rohe me te whakamahinga o ngā waka rererangi kore-taro ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā raraunga.
5. Ngā Tikanga Pai rawa atu mō te Mahere Ngāhere
Hei whakapai ake i te tika me te whai hua o ngā hua mahere, ko ētahi o ngā tikanga pai e whakamahia ana ko:
1. Te whakamahi i te huinga o ngā pūoko (whatu + SAR, me te LiDAR mēnā ka taea).
2. Waihangahia he huinga whakaahua kāore he kapua mai i ngā rā maha.
3. Kohia ngā raraunga whakangungu māngai mai i ngā momo uhi whenua rerekē.
4. Whakahaerehia te whakamana motuhake mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira matapōkere.
5. Tuhia ngā tikanga me ngā pūtake raraunga kia taea ai te tārua i te tukanga.
Whakamutunga
Kua noho ngā tikanga mahere ngahere mā te whakamahi i te hangarau amiorangi hei pou nui mō te aroturuki taiao o ēnei rā. Mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua whatu, radar, me LiDAR, ka taea te mahi mahere i ngā wā maha, te kapi i ngā rohe whānui, me te tautoko i te tātari i ngā huringa i roto i te wā. Ahakoa ngā wero pēnei i te taupoki kapua, ngā rerekētanga o te wā, me te iti o ngā raraunga mara, mā te huarahi maha-pūoko, te whakarōpūtanga e ahu mai ana i te ako mīhini, me te whakamana pakari ka taea te whakaputa mahere ngahere tika. Hei whakamutunga, ehara i te mea he whakaaturanga noa iho ngā mahere pai, engari he turanga pakari mō ngā kaupapa here tiaki taiao, te whakahaere tauwhiro, me te tiaki ngahere mō ngā reanga kei te heke mai.
