Ngā Rangahau mō ngā Mate Pūmua i roto i ngā Kararehe
Pendahuluan
Ko te pākia o te tinana he raupapa o ngā tukanga matū koiora e āhei ai te tinana o te kararehe ki te whiwhi pūngao, ki te hanga kiko, ki te whakatika i ngā pūtau, me te pupuri i te mahi noa o ngā okana. I roto i te mahi, e rua ngā wāhanga matua o te pākia o te tinana: te catabolism (te pakaru o ngā ngota hei whakaputa pūngao) me te anabolism (te huihuinga o ngā ngota hei tipu me te whakatika i te kiko). Ina pakaru tetahi o ēnei ara, ka pāngia te kararehe e ngā mate pākia o te tinana, arā, ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te kaha o te tinana ki te tukatuka i ngā matūkai pēnei i te warowaihā, te pūmua, me te ngako. He mea nui kia akohia ēnei mate nā te mea ka pā ki te hauora o ngā kararehe kāinga, te hua o ngā kararehe, tae atu ki te oranga o ngā kararehe mohoao.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o ngā Mate Pūmua
Ka puta ngā mate pākia o ngā kararehe ina kore e mahi tika ngā tikanga whākōkī, homoni, kawe matūkai rānei. Ko ngā take pea he ira tuku iho (hei tauira, he mate whākōkī tuku iho), he kai (ngā ngoikoretanga/tāpiritanga matūkai), he endocrine (ngā mate homoni), he āhuatanga taiao me te whakahaere rānei (te ahotea, te kounga kai kino, ngā huringa huarere tino kino, te akuaku kino). He tere te kino o ētahi mate, ā, ka tere te kino haere, ko ētahi ka puhoi te whanaketanga, ā, ka kitea noa i muri i te pakaru o ngā okana.
I te taumata pūtau, he maha ngā wā ka uru ngā mate pākia ki te kore taurite o te pūngao (ATP), te kohikohinga o ngā matū paitini, me te ngoikore o te mahi a ngā okana pērā i te ate, te repe taiaki, ngā whatukuhu, me ngā repe endocrine. Ko ngā pānga haumanu ka uru atu ki te whakaheke taumaha, te ngoikore o te tipu, te ngoikore o te pūnaha ārai mate, te hekenga o te hanga miraka/hua manu, tae atu ki te mate mēnā ka whakaroahia te maimoatanga.
Ngā Momo Noa o ngā Mate Pūmua
1. Ngā Mate Pūmua Warowaihā
Ko tētahi o ngā tauira tino rongonui ko te mate huka i roto i ngā kurī me ngā ngeru. Ka puta tēnei āhuatanga ina kore te tinana e whai insulin, ina pāngia rānei e te ātete insulin, ka hua ake te huka toto teitei. Ko ngā tohu noa ko te inu pinepine (polydipsia), te mimi pinepine (polyuria), te hiahia nui engari te hekenga o te taumaha, me te ngenge. I roto i ngā ngeru, he maha ngā wā ka honoa te mate huka ki te momona me te noho mangere.
I roto i ngā kararehe ruminant (kau me ngā koati), ko te mate warowaihā noa ko te waikawa rumen, e puta ana i te nuinga o te wā nā te kai ohorere o ngā kai he nui ngā warowaihā ka taea te whakapūkara (hei tauira, ngā witi). Ka heke te pH o te rumen i te waikawa, ka pakaru te moroiti rumen, ka korere, ka heke te hiahia kai, me te mōrearea o te laminitis (mumura o te matikuku).
2. Ngā Mate Pūnaha Ngako
E kitea ana ngā raruraru o te pākia o te ngako i roto i te ketosis me te mate ate momona. I roto i ngā kau miraka, ka puta pinepine te ketosis i te wā tōmua o te whāngai ū, ina nui haere te hiahia mō te pūngao engari kāore i te rawaka te kai. Ka wawahia e te tinana te ngako hei pūngao, ka puta he nui rawa ngā tinana ketone. Ko ngā tohu haumanu ko te hekenga o te hanga miraka, te hekenga o te hiahia kai, te haunga ketone i te manawa, me te ngoikore.
I roto i ngā ngeru, e mōhiotia ana tētahi āhuatanga rite ko te hepatic lipidosis (te ate momona). Ka puta i muri i te kore kai a te ngeru mō ētahi rā, inā koa i roto i ngā ngeru momona. Ka neke te ngako nui ki te ate, ka whakararu i te mahi a te ate. Ko ngā tohu ko te ngaronga o te hiahia kai, te ruaki, te hekenga taumaha, te jaundice (te kōwhai o te kiri/mucosa), me te ngoikore.
3. Te Pūmua Pūmua me ngā Mate Ate
Ko te ate te mea nui mō te pākia o te pūmua, tae atu ki te hanganga o te albumin me te tango i te haukini hei urea. Ko ngā mate ate—ahakoa nā te mate, nā te paitini, nā ngā āhuatanga whānautanga rānei—ka puta te hypoalbuminemia (he iti te albumin), te pupuhi, ngā mate toto totoka, me te kohikohinga o ngā paitini i roto i te tinana. I roto i ētahi momo kuri iti, ka puta ngā āhuatanga whānautanga pērā i te portosystemic shunt, e kore ai e rere te toto i te ate, ka hua ake he tango i te pai rawa atu. Nō reira, ka whakaatu pea ngā kararehe i ngā tohu neurological (pōhēhē, haurangi), te korenga o te tipu, tae noa ki te ruaki mau tonu.
4. Ngā Mate Kohuke me ngā Mate Irahiko
He mea noa ngā mate pāwera o te pūnaha kohuke i roto i ngā kararehe, ā, he nui te pānga ki te hua o te mahi. Ko ētahi tauira nui ko:
– Te ngoikore o te konupūmā (te kirika miraka) i roto i ngā kau miraka i muri i te whānautanga, nā te pikinga nui o te hiahiatanga konupūmā mō te whakaputa miraka. Ko ngā tohu ko te ngoikore, te wiri, te kore e taea te tū, tae noa ki te koma.
– Te ngoikore o te konupūmā i roto i ngā kau e kai ana i ngā tarutaru taitamariki he iti te konupūmā i roto. Ka puta he haurangi, he kore okiokinga, me te mate ohorere i tēnei āhuatanga.
– Ngā mate pūhākawa e pā ana ki te tipu me te whakaputa uri o te wheua.
I roto i ngā mōkai, ka puta pinepine ngā kore taurite o ngā electrolytes (konutai, pāhare pāporo, pūhaumāota) nā te mate korere, te ruaki, te mate tākihi, ngā mate repe adrenal pēnei i te mate a Addison.
Ngā Take Tūpono me ngā Take
Ka pāngia ngā mate pākia e te taunekeneke o ngā āhuatanga o roto me o waho. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga mōrearea matua ko:
1. Ngā ira me te iwi: he nui ake te pāngia o ētahi iwi e te mate huka, ngā mate whākōkī, te mate ate tuku iho rānei.
2. Tau: He ngāwari ake te pāngia o ngā kararehe pakeke e ngā mate endocrine; he ngāwari ake te pāngia o ngā kararehe taitamariki e ngā mate whānau me te kore kai.
3. Kaute āhua tinana: ka nui ake te mōrearea o te mate huka me te mate ate momona i te momona; ka ngoikore te pūngao mēnā he kikokore rawa.
4. Te whakahaere i te whāngai: mā te whakarerekētanga ohorere o te kai, te kounga kai ngoikore, te kore taurite rānei o ngā matūkai ka puta ai ngā raruraru pākia o te tinana.
5. Te ahotea me te taiao: ka taea e te wera, te nui o ngā kararehe e whakatipu ana, te kawe waka, me ētahi atu mate te whakararuraru i te kore taurite o te pākia o te tinana.
Te Tātaritanga me te Huarahi Ako
Ko ngā rangahau mō ngā mate pākia o te pūnaha io i roto i ngā kararehe e whakakotahi ana i ngā huarahi haumanu me ngā huarahi taiwhanga. Ka tīmata te whakamātautau me te hītori (hītori whāngai, whakaputanga, huringa whanonga), he whakamātautau tinana, kātahi ka haere tonu me ngā whakamātautau tautoko pēnei i:
– Te tātaritanga toto: te hukahuka, ngā whākōkī ate (ALT/AST), te urea-creatinine, te kōtaha lipid, ngā taumata ketone, ngā kohuke (Ca, Mg, P).
– Te tātaritanga mimi: te huka toto, te ketonuria, ngā tohu o te mate pukupuku, o ngā mate tākihi rānei.
– Whakamātautau homoni: te insulin, te cortisol, te homoni tairoi i ētahi wā.
– Whakaahua: te tirotiro i te ate, te repe taiaki, ngā whatukuhu rānei hei tiro i ngā panonitanga ki te hanganga o te okana.
– Te aromatawai i te whāngai me te whakahaere i te whare kararehe, inā koa mō ngā kararehe.
I roto i ngā rangahau pūtaiao, ka kohia ngā raraunga hei tirotiro i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tauira whāngai, ngā āhuatanga taiao, me ngā tohu koiora pākia. Mā ngā inenga auau ka āwhina i te aroturuki i te haere whakamua o te mate me te urupare ki te rongoā.
Te Whakahaere me te Ārai
Ko ngā rautaki maimoatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te take, engari ko ngā mātāpono whānui ko:
1. Te whakaū i ngā āhuatanga ohorere: hei tauira, te hoatu wai, te whakatikatika i ngā electrolyte, te dextrose/insulin rānei e tika ana.
2. Whakapai ake i te kai: te taurite o ngā kai, te whakawhiti haere i ngā kai, me te whakatikatika i te pūngao me te pūmua. I roto i ngā kararehe, ko te hanga kai me te whakahaere i te whāngai ū he mea nui hei ārai i te ketosis me te hypocalcemia.
3. Te whakahaere i te taumaha me te ngohe: inā koa mō ngā mōkai hei ārai i te momona me te mate huka.
4. Te rongoā me te tāpiringa rongoā: konupūmā mō te hypocalcemia, konupora mō te hypomagnesemia, hepatoprotectors mō ngā mate ate, me ngā rongoā motuhake mō ngā mate endocrine.
5. Te aro turuki i ia wā: ngā whakamātautau toto ia wā, te aromatawai i te āhua o te tinana, me te aro turuki i ngā tohu haumanu.
He iti ake te utu o ngā mahi ārai whai hua, ā, he atawhai ake i te rongoā. He mea nui te whakaako i ngā kaipupuri me ngā kaiwhakatupu kararehe mō te hanganga o te kai, ngā tohu tōmua o ngā mate pāwera o te pūnaha io, me ngā tirotiro hauora auau.
Whakamutunga
He raruraru uaua ngā mate pākia o ngā kararehe e pā ana ki te kore taurite o ngā tukanga matū koiora me ngā tukanga homoni, e pāngia ana e te ira, te kai totika, te taiao, me te whakahaere. Ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te mate huka, te ketosis, te mate ate momona, te waikawa rumen, me te korenga o ngā kohuke ka taea te whakaiti i te kounga o te oranga o ngā kararehe me te whakaiti i te hua. Me whai huarahi whānui te rangahau tika—mai i te hītori whāngai me te whakamātautau haumanu ki te tātari taiwhanga. Mā te kitenga wawe, te whakapai ake i te whāngai, me te whakahaere tika, ka taea te ārai, te whakahaere rānei i ngā mate pākia maha, ā, ka mau tonu te hauora me te oranga o ngā kararehe.
