Te Whakawhanaketanga o te Hangarau Tanker
Ko ngā tāke tetahi o ngā auahatanga nui rawa atu i roto i te umanga kaipuke me te whakahaere waka o te ao. He kaipuke motuhake ngā tāke i hangaia hei kawe i ngā rahinga nui o ngā wai, pērā i te hinu mata, ngā hua hinu, ngā matū, me te hau māori wai. I roto i te wā, kua whanake haere te hangarau tāke hei aro atu ki ngā wero whakahaere, hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, me te whakarite i te haumaru me te tiaki taiao. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori, ngā huringa hangarau matua, me ngā au o te whanaketanga o ngā tāke ā muri ake nei.
Hītori o te Whanaketanga o te Tanker
I tīmata te hītori o ngā kaipuke tāke i te mutunga o te rautau 19, i te wā o te Huringa Ahumahi. I taua wā, i whakamahia tonutia ngā oko i utaina ki runga i ngā kaipuke utanga noa hei kawe hinu. Heoi, kāore i te whai hua tēnei mahi, ā, he nui te tūponotanga o ngā turuturu me ngā ahi. I puta te whakautu ki tēnei wero me te ariā o ngā kaipuke motuhake e mōhiotia ana ko ngā "tankers".
– Te Tiakitanga Paionia: Ko te whanaketanga o te kaipuke tāke hou ka taea te whai i te tau 1886 me te whakarewatanga o te Gluckauf i Tiamana. He tāke rino kei roto i te anga o tēnei kaipuke hei kawe hinu, he rerekē ki te tikanga tuku iho o te whakamahi i ngā oko. He taahiraa nui whakamua tēnei i roto i te rokiroki me te kawe i ngā wai nui.
– Te Whanaketanga o te Pūmanawa me te Whai Hua: I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, ka tīmata te whakanui ake i te rahi me te kaha o ngā kaipuke tāke, i te nuinga o te wā nā ngā hiahia o te umanga hinu o te ao i akiaki. Nā ēnei kaipuke tāke i taea ai te tuku kaipuke nui ake mai i ngā mara hinu ki ngā wāhi rerekē o te ao.
Ngā Hangarau Tino Hiranga i roto i ngā Tanker
1. Te Hoahoa o te Waka Tāke
Kua tere te whanaketanga o te hoahoa o ngā waka tāke, mai i ngā waka tāke iti he iti noa te kaha ki te torutoru mano tana ki ngā waka nunui e tere ana ki te moana ka taea te kawe i te neke atu i te 500.000 tana o te hinu mata. Ko ngā hoahoa hou e whakatairanga ana i te whai huatanga, te haumaru, me te tiaki taiao.
– Waka Rua: Ko tētahi mahi auaha nui ko te hoahoa waka rua, i whakaurua mai i te mutunga o te rautau 20. Inaianei, e hiahiatia ana e te ture o te ao kia rua ngā waka tāke nui katoa hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te turuturu hinu ki te moana.
– Pūnaha Hau Kore: He pūnaha tēnei e whakakī ana i te āputa o te tāke ki te hau kore pēnei i te hauota, te hauhā rānei hei ārai i te pahūtanga.
2. Whakatere me te Whakahaere Aunoa
Kua tino whakapaitia hoki ngā pūnaha whakatere me te whakahaere aunoa. Mā te tāutanga o ngā hangarau matatau pēnei i te radar, te autopilot, te GPS, me te ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā hapa tangata me te whakapai ake i te tika me te whai huatanga o te whakatere.
– Ngā Pūnaha Piriti Whakauru (IBS): Ka whakauruhia e te IBS ngā pūnaha whakatere me ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero maha ki roto i te atanga kotahi e ngāwari ana ki te whakamahi, kia puta ai he tirohanga whānui ki te kapa.
– Pūnaha Tautuhi Aunoa (AIS): Mā te AIS ka taea te whai me te aro turuki mamao i ngā kaipuke tāke, he mea whai hua tēnei mō te karo i ngā tukinga me te whakapai ake i te haumarutanga moana.
3. Te Whakatere me te Mīhini
Kua whanake haere hoki te hangarau whakatere me te whakapaunga wahie. Kua hangaia ngā miihini hou kia pai ake te penapena wahie, kia iti ake hoki ngā tukunga.
– Te Kohu Pōturi: Ka whakaitihia e tēnei tikanga te tere o te kaipuke hei penapena wahie, hei whakaiti hoki i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi.
– LNG (Hau Taiao Wai) hei Wahie: Ko ētahi o ngā kaipuke tāke hou e whakamahi ana i te LNG hei wahie rerekē, e mōhiotia ana he ma ake i te wahie tuku iho.
– Ngā Pūnaha Horoi: Hei whakatutuki i ngā ture o te ao e kaha haere ana te pakari mō ngā tukunga whanariki, he maha ngā kaipuke e tāuta ana i ngā pūnaha horoi hei tango i te whanariki mai i te hau putanga.
4. Te Utaina me te Tango
Kua tino aunoahia ngā tukanga uta me te tango utanga mā te awhina o ngā hangarau matatau hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā turuturu.
– Ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Utauta: Mā tēnei pūnaha e whakahaere te tukanga uta me te tango utanga katoa, kia taurite ai te tohatoha utanga kia mau tonu ai te pumau o te kaipuke.
– Te Mana mai i te Takutai ki te Kaipuke (Te Whakamahana Matao): Ka taea e ngā kaipuke te whakaweto i ā rātou miihini i a rātou e noho ana i te tauranga, ka huri ki te mana mai i te takutai hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga.
Ngā Wero me ngā Otinga mō te Ao kei te heke mai
1. Ngā Ture Taiao
Kei te kaha haere te whakawhāiti i ngā tukunga me ngā turuturu o ngā ture moana o te ao, pērā i ngā ture i whakatakotoria e te International Maritime Organization (IMO). Koinei te mea e akiaki ana i te auahatanga i roto i te hangarau waka tāke kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa taiao e kaha haere ana te whakawhāiti.
– Ngā Pūnaha Maimoatanga Wai Paira: I whakaurua mai hei whakatika i te raruraru o te poke koiora ka puta ina whakawhitia te wai paira kaipuke mai i tētahi rohe moana ki tētahi atu.
2. Haumarutanga Ipurangi
I te piki haere o te whakamahinga o te hangarau matihiko me te aunoatanga, kei te noho hei āwangawanga nui ngā tūmomo mōrearea haumarutanga tukutuku i roto i te umanga kaipuke.
– Ngā Mahi Haumarutanga Ipurangi: Ka mahia ngā mahi hei tiaki i ngā pūnaha nui mai i ngā whakaeke ipurangi, ka taea ai te whakararu i ngā mahi, te whakararu rānei i te haumaru.
3. Ōhanga Tauwhiro
Ko te tipu ōhanga pumau e hiahia ana ki ngā hangarau e pai ana ki te taiao mō ngā kaipuke tāke. Ko te pikinga o ngā utu wahie pūmua e akiaki ana i te auahatanga ki te kimi i ngā puna pūngao whai hua ake, e pai ana hoki ki te taiao.
4. Whakapai ake i te Haumarutanga
Ko te haumaru o te hunga mahi me ngā utanga te mea matua.
– Whakangungu Kaimahi: Ka whakahoutia te whakangungu kaimahi ki ngā hangarau me ngā whakatauira hou hei whakarite kia rite i roto i ngā āhuatanga ohorere.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau o ngā waka tāke ehara i te mea ko ngā whanaketanga hangarau anake engari he urupare hoki ki te hiahia o te umanga o te ao mō te haumaru, te whai hua, me te pumau o te taiao. Mai i te whakamahinga o te AIS mō te whakatere ki te whakaurunga o te wahie LNG ma, ka whakatata atu tātou ki tētahi heke mai whai hua me te pumau ake i ia auahatanga.
Ko ngā auahatanga i roto i te hoahoa me te hangarau o ngā waka tāke e whakaata ana i ngā mahi a te umanga kaipuke ki te pana i ngā rohe o te whai huatanga me te haumaru. Heoi anō, kei te mau tonu ngā wero ā muri ake nei, ā, me haere tonu te umanga ki te auaha kia tutuki ai ngā ture e piki haere ana te kaha me ngā tono ā-ao mō te pumau. Mā te huarahi tika, ka piki haere te whai huatanga, te haumaru, me te pai ki te taiao o ngā waka tāke ā muri ake nei.
