Mō te Kāmera Mamati Whakaahua Māra
He wāhi manaaki tonu ngā māra mō ngā kaiwhakaahua. Ko ō rātou tae, ko ō rātou kakano, ko te mārama e huri haere ana, me ngā mea ririki pēnei i ngā pepeke me ngā manu e hanga ana i ia haerenga kia motuhake. Heoi, ehara i te mea ko te tohu noa i tō kāmera ki tētahi putiputi me te pēhi i te pātene kati te mahi whakaahua i tētahi māra. Hei waihanga i ngā whakaahua kanapa, engari he papatahi, me mārama koe ki te māramatanga taketake mō te māramatanga, te hanganga, me ngā tautuhinga kāmera mamati. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga me pēhea te whakanui ake i tō kāmera mamati mō te whakaahua māra—mai i te whakarite me te whiriwhiri i te arotahi ki ngā tikanga hopu whakaahua hei āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i ngā whakaahua koi, ataahua, me te kōrero pakiwaitara.
He aha i pai ai ngā kāmera matihiko mō te whakaahua māra?
Mā ngā kāmera matihiko koe e āhei ai ki te whakamātau. Ka taea e koe te kite tonu i ngā hua, te whakatika i te whakaaturanga, te whakarerekē i te taurite mā, me te tango i ngā whakaahua maha me te kore e manukanuka kei pau te kiriata. Ka taea hoki e ngā pūoko kāmera matihiko o ēnei rā te hopu i ngā taipitopito iti o ngā rau putiputi, ngā panonitanga tae o ngā rau, tae atu ki ngā kanapa ina whiti te rā i roto i ngā rākau. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te aratau makro, te whakaū ahua, me te arotahi aunoa e matatau haere ana, ka māmā ake te uru atu ki te whakaahua māra ki te katoa, tae atu ki ngā tīmatanga.
Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka arahi tēnei ngāwari ki tētahi mahanga: te whakawhirinaki nui ki te aratau aunoa. Ahakoa he watea te aratau aunoa, i roto i ngā māra he nui te rerekētanga (hei tauira, ngā wāhi he mārama kaha me te atarangi), ka pōhēhē te kāmera, ka puta he whakaahua pōuri rawa, he kanapa rawa rānei. Nō reira, mā te mārama ki ngā mana whakahaere taketake o tētahi kāmera mamati ka tino whakapai ake i te kounga o ō whakaahua.
Te Whakarite i mua i te Pūhi
I mua i te tomokanga ki te pāka, me whai wā koe ki te whakarite i ō taputapu me tētahi mahere māmā.
1. Horoia te arotahi me te pūoko (mēnā ka taea)
Ka kitea mārama ngā matūriki puehu iti i roto i ngā whakaahua o te rangi, i ngā wāhi tae noa rānei. Horoia te karāhe arotahi ki te kakahu muka-iti, ā, kia tino ma te tātari (mēnā e whakamahia ana).
2. Mauria mai ngā pākahiko tāpiri me ngā kāri mahara
He maha ngā wā ka taea e koe te tango whakaahua māra i ngā momo koki me ngā kaupapa.
3. Kakahuria ngā kākahu whakamarie
Tērā pea kei te noho pōturi koe, kei te tuturi rānei, kei te whakatata atu rānei ki ngā rakau. Mā ngā hu whakamarie koe e āwhina ki te neke haumaru.
4. Kia aro ki te rangi
I muri i te ua, ka puta he pata wai ataahua ki runga i ngā rau me ngā putiputi o te māra. Heoi anō, ka puta hoki he tae ngawari i te māramatanga kapua, ā, he iti noa iho ngā atarangi koi.
Te Kōwhiri i te Arotahi Tika
Kāore he karaihe kotahi "me whai", engari he maha ngā momo karaihe e whai hua ana mō te māra.
– Karāhe makaro (hei tauira, makaro 90–105mm)
He tino pai mō ngā taipitopito putiputi, ngā kakano rau, me ngā pepeke, ka taea e tēnei karu arotahi te arotahi tata rawa me te koi rawa.
– Arotahi whakaahua-roa (hei tauira, 70–200mm)
He whai hua mō te wehe i ngā kaupapa, te hanga papamuri pōuriuri (bokeh), me te whakaahua i ngā manu, i ngā taipitopito rānei i tawhiti, me te kore e whakararuraru.
– He karu whānui (hei tauira, 16–35mm, 24mm rānei)
He pai mō te tango whakaahua i ngā whenua māra, i ngā ara, i ngā roto, i ngā tito waiata rānei e whakanui ana i te "wāhi".
Mena he karāhe arotahi kete anake tāu, kaua e manukanuka. Mā ngā tikanga tito me te whakamahinga o te mārama, ka taea e te karāhe arotahi kete te whakaputa whakaahua māra whakamere.
Te Mārama ki te Mārama i roto i te Māra
Ko te māramatanga te mea e whakatau ana i te āhua o te whakaahua. I roto i te māra, ka rerekē te māramatanga nā te aroaro o ngā rākau, ngā kapua, me ngā whakaata mai i ngā mata o ngā rau.
– Te hāora koura (ata, ahiahi rānei)
Mā te mārama mahana, ngawari hoki ka ātaahua ake te āhua o ngā putiputi. Mā ngā atarangi roa ka hohonu ake te whakaahua.
– Ngā kapua mārama
He "pouaka ngohengohe taiao" tēnei. He ōrite ake te āhua o ngā tae putiputi, ā, kāore he kanapa kino.
– Ahiahi wera
He maha ngā wā ka tino rerekē rawa ngā rau o te pua i te mārama kaha. Ki te mea ka taea e koe te tango whakaahua i te awatea anake, kimihia he wāhi marumaru, whakamahia rānei he whakaata iti hei whakakī i ngā atarangi.
Ki te hiahia koe ki ngā tae tika, whakaarohia te tango whakaahua i te hōputu RAW kia nui ake ai te ngāwari o te taurite mā me te whakatikatika taipitopito i te wā e whakatika ana.
Ngā Tautuhinga Kāmera Mamati e Manakohia ana
Hei whakatutuki i ngā hua whakaahua māra ōrite ake, ka taea e koe te whakamātau i ngā tautuhinga e whai ake nei hei tīmatanga:
1. Aratau Maamua Aperture (A/Av)
He pai tēnei aratau nā te mea ka taea e koe te whakahaere i te hohonutanga o te mara.
– Mō ngā putiputi takitahi he papamuri pōuriuri: whakamahia te f/2.8–f/5.6 (kei te momo arotahi te āhua).
– Mō ētahi putiputi, māra rānei kia koi ake ngā wāhi: whakamahia te f/8–f/11.
2. Kia iti rawa te ISO
Whakamahia te ISO 100–400 ina nui te māramatanga kia kore ai e haruru ō whakaahua. Whakanuia te ISO mēnā kei te tango whakaahua koe i ngā kaupapa e neke ana, i ngā āhuatanga pōuri rānei.
3. Tere o te kati
He maha ngā rau me ngā putiputi e nekeneke ana i te hau. Ki te kaha te hau, ngana ki te whakamahi i te 1/250 kia mau tonu te koi. Mō te pānga "maeneene", ka taea e koe te whakaiti i te tere o te kati (hei tauira, 1/30–1/60) mā te whakamahi i te whakaū, i te tūru rānei.
4. Arotahi
Mō ngā putiputi, arotahi ki te wāhanga tino nui—ko te pistil, ko te taha rānei o te rau e anga ana ki te kāmera. Whakamahia te tohu kotahi-ira AF kia kore ai e arotahi hē ki ngā rau kei muri.
5. Whakautu mō te pānga
He maha ngā wā ka kitea he nui rawa te mārama o ngā putiputi mā. Mēnā e tika ana, whakaitihia te kaha o te māramatanga mā te -0,3 ki te -1. I tua atu, me +0,3 te māramatanga o ngā putiputi pouri i te atarangi.
Te Hanga: Te Whakamārama i ngā Whakaahua o te Māra
Mā te pai o te tito ka whai tikanga te whakaahua. I roto i te māra, anei ētahi tikanga whai hua:
– Te ture o ngā hautoru
Whakanohoia te kaupapa ki te tuatoru o runga o te anga kia pai ake ai te āhua.
– Ngā rārangi ārahi
Whakamahia ngā ara, ngā taiapa, ngā awaawa tipu rānei hei rārangi e ārahi ana i te kanohi o te kaimātakitaki ki te kaupapa matua.
– Anga taiao
Whakamahia ngā manga, ngā rau, ngā kēti māra rānei hei whakaahua i te kaupapa.
– Te whakarārangi
Waihangahia te hōhonutanga mā te whakaatu i ngā huānga o mua, o waenganui, me te papamuri. Hei tauira: he rau pōuriuri kei mua, he putiputi koi kei waenganui, me te papamuri māra ngohengohe kei muri.
– Rapua he papamuri ma
Ko tētahi o ngā kī ki te whakaahua putiputi huatau ko te papamuri mārama. Nekehia tō tūnga kia paku mārire kia kore ai e kitea ngā ira kanapa, ngā mea e pōrearea ana te tirohanga, ngā kakau rānei e "whiti" ana i muri i ngā putiputi.
Ngā Tikanga Makro me ngā Taipitopito
He rite tonu te whakaahua māra ki ngā whakaahua taipitopito. Hei hopu whakaahua tata:
– Whakamahia he pūwero waenga pērā i te f/5.6–f/11 kia whānui ai ngā taipitopito engari kia mau tonu te bokeh.
– Whakaūtia te kāmera: whakamahia he tūru iti, he monopod, waiho rānei tō tuke ki runga i tō turi.
– Whakamātauria ngā koki rerekē: kaua e pupuhi noa mai i runga. Pupuhi mai i te taha kia kitea ai te āhua o te putiputi.
– Kia tūpato ki te hau: tatari kia pakaru te hau i mua i te pēhi i te kati, i te whakamahi rānei i te aratau pakū.
Ki te mea kei te tango whakaahua pepeke koe, kia manawanui. Whakatata mārire, whakamahia he karu arotahi, he karu arotahi nui rānei, ā, kia aro ki te ahunga o te māramatanga kia kitea mārama ai ngā parirau, ngā kanohi rānei o te pepeke.
Taurite Tae me te Mā
He atamira te māra mō ngā tae. Hei ārai i te "rerekētanga" o ngā tae:
– Whakamahia te Taurite Mā Aunoa hei tīmatanga, kātahi ka whakatika mēnā he kōwhai rawa, he kikorangi rawa rānei te hua.
– Ki te rite tonu te mārama (hei tauira, kapua), ngana ki te tautuhinga Kapua mō ngā tae mahana ake.
– Kaua e tino mākū rawa i te wā e whakatika ana. He kaha ngā tae o te māra, engari ki te "haruru rawa", ka āhua rerekē te ahua o te whakaahua.
Whakatika Mārama hei Whakapakari i ngā Hua
Ehara te mahi whakatika i te tinihanga, engari he whakahoki mai i te āhua i kitea i runga i te whenua. Anei ētahi mahi māmā ka taea e koe te mahi:
1. Whakatikahia te whakaaturanga me te rerekētanga ina hiahiatia.
2. Whakaitihia ngā kanapa kia kore ai e ngaro ngā taipitopito o te pua.
3. Whakanuia ake te kanapa o te tae o te putiputi.
4. Whakakoihia ngā taipitopito mō te kaupapa matua, kaua mō te anga katoa.
5. Tapahia mēnā e tika ana hei whakapakari i te hanganga.
Ki te tango pikitia RAW koe, ka nui ake te ngāwari o te whakatika nā te mea he nui ake ngā taipitopito e mau ana i te pūoko i te JPEG.
Te Katinga
He mahi ngahau, he mahi wero hoki te whakaahua māra me te kāmera matihiko. Kei te aro atu koe ki te mārama e huri haere ana, ki ngā kaupapa ka taea te neke me te hau, me te whānuitanga o ngā tae. Mā te mārama ki ngā kaupapa taketake o ngā tautuhinga kāmera—te whakatuwheratanga, te tere o te kati, te ISO—me te whakamahi i te hanganga ma, ka taea e koe te whakaputa whakaahua māra ehara i te mea he ataahua anake engari he kōrero pakiwaitara anō hoki. Tīmata māmā: whiriwhiria tētahi momo kaupapa (pēnei i ngā putiputi), tūhuratia ngā koki rerekē, me te aro ki te māramatanga. Mā te nui o tō whakaharatau, ka nui ake te aro o tō kanohi ki ngā wā poto e hanga ana i tētahi māra hei mea whakamiharo i roto i te whakaahua.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te hanga i tētahi putanga hangarau ake o tēnei tuhinga (hei tauira, mō te DSLR/mirrorless), he putanga rānei e aro ana ki ngā kāmera matihiko kiato me ngā waea atamai.
