Hangarau Hanga Karāhe e Whakaiti ana i te Utaina Wera me te Irahiko
He mea nui te karāhe i roto i ngā hoahoanga o ēnei rā. Tata ki ngā whare katoa—mai i ngā kāinga me ngā whare tari ki ngā toa hokohoko me ngā whare tūmatanui—e whakawhirinaki ana ki te karāhe hei tuku i te mārama taiao ki roto, hei waihanga i te āhua o te wāhi, hei waihanga hoki i tētahi āhua ataahua. Heoi anō, he nui ngā wero o te whakamahinga o te karāhe: ko te wera o te rā e tomo ana mā roto i ngā whakatuwheratanga karāhe ka taea te whakanui ake i te pāmahana o te rūma, te whakanui ake i ngā kawenga whakamatao (ngā kawenga AC), me te whakararuraru i ngā kainoho. Hei tāpiri, ko te hihi o te rā, inā koa ko te ultraviolet (UV), ka taea te kino i ngā taonga, ngā kakahu, me ngā whakaotinga o roto. I runga i ēnei hiahia, kua whakawhanakehia e te umanga karāhe ngā hangarau hanga karāhe ka taea te whakaiti i ngā kawenga wera me te hihi me te kore e whakaiti i te kounga o te rama.
Te mārama ki ngā pūtake wera me te irahiko i roto i te karāhe
Ko te hihi o te rā e tae atu ana ki te mata o te karāhe he maha ngā wāhanga matua: te mārama e kitea ana, te whero whero (IR), e rite ana ki te wera, me te hihi ultraviolet (UV), e whai wāhi ana ki te memeha o te tae me te pirau o ngā rauemi. Mō te karāhe paerewa (karaehe mārama/mānu), ka tukuna te nuinga o ngā hihi o te rā ki roto i te rūma, inā koa i roto i te whānuitanga whero-tata. Nō reira, ka wera te rūma ahakoa te "pai" o te rama. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai te hangarau karāhe penapena-pūngao: te pehi i te tuku wera (ina koa ko te IR) me te aukati i te UV, me te pupuri tonu i te tuku mārama e kitea ana kia mārama tonu ai te rūma.
Karāhe Iti-E (Iti te Putanga): hangarau whakaiti wera matua
Ko tētahi o ngā mahi auaha tino whai mana ko te karāhe Low-E, he karāhe angiangi, iti te tukunga e whakaata ana i te irahiko wera. Ko tēnei paparanga he kiriata tino angiangi (he rahi te nanometa) o te konganuku, he waikura konganuku rānei, e āhua mārama ana engari he āhuatanga whatu whiriwhiri: ka tukuna te mārama e kitea ana engari ka whakaata i te mārama whero-whero.
I te nuinga o te wā, e rua ngā huarahi ki te hanga Low-E:
1. Pyrolytic (pani mārō)
Ka pania te paninga i te mea e wera tonu ana te karāhe i te wā e hangaia ana te karāhe mānu ana, kia kaha ake ai te piri o te paninga ki te mata o te karāhe. Ko ōna painga ko te roa me te ngāwari o te whakamahi. Heoi, ko tōna mahi wera he iti iho i te momo karāhe kua whakapūpūtia.
2. Te pupuhi o te Magnetron (te paninga ngohengohe)
Ka hangaia te paninga mā te tukanga whakatakotoranga korehau, mā te whakamahi i te tikanga pupuhi hei whakatakotoranga i tētahi paparanga whakarewa (he hiriwa/Ag te nuinga) me tētahi paparanga waikura tiaki. Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea te whakahaere tika i te whānuitanga mārama e tukuna ana me te whakaata, ka hua ake he pai ake te mahi whakamarara wera. Nā te mea he tairongo ake te paninga, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei karāhe ki ngā waeine karāhe-rua (IGU) hei tiaki.
Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa te Low-E i te wera e puta mai ana, engari ka pehi hoki i te whakawhiti wera mai i roto ki waho. I ngā āhuarangi pārūrū, ko tōna painga matua ko te whakaiti i te wera e puta mai ana i te rā, engari i ngā āhuarangi makariri, ka āwhina hoki te Low-E ki te pupuri i te wera kia kore e puta.
Karāhe whakahaere rā: he mea whiriwhiri ki te whānuitanga
Haunga te Low-E, kei reira anō te karāhe whakahaere rā i hangaia mō te whakaiti i te wera o te rā (te wera e puta mai ana i te hihi o te rā). Ka mahi tēnei hangarau mā te whakakotahitanga o:
– Paninga whakaata, paninga whiriwhiri-āwhiowhio rānei: ka whakaata i ētahi o ngā hihi whero-whero.
– Te mimiti me te memeha o te wera: ka mimitihia e ētahi karāhe tae te pūngao o te rā, kātahi ka tukuna mārire atu ki te taiao o waho.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te karaihe e whakahaerehia ana e te rā ki ngā mata o ngā whare teitei, ki ngā whare rānei he nui ngā whakatuwheratanga karaihe. Ko tōna painga he nui te whakaiti i te wera, engari me āta hoahoa kia kore ai e kanapa nui ki te taiao e karapoti ana.
Karaehe tae me te karāhe mimiti wera: he tae hei pupuri i te wera
Ko te hangarau e whai ake nei ko te karāhe tae, arā, te karāhe mimiti wera. I te wā o te tukanga hanga karāhe mānu, ka tāpirihia ētahi matū whakarewa hei whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga mimiti o te karāhe—hei tauira, ka puta he tae kakariki, hina, parahi rānei. Ka whai hua tēnei karāhe tae ki:
– Whakaitihia te kaha o te mārama me te wera e tae mai ana,
– Whakaitihia te kanapa,
– E whakarato ana i tētahi āhua ataahua.
Heoi, nā te mea he nui ake te wera e mimitihia ana e te karāhe, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te mata. Nō reira, i roto i ētahi whakamahinga, me whai whakaaro ki te mōrearea o te ahotea wera me te hiahia mō ngā tukanga whakapakari pērā i te whakamahana, te whakapakari wera rānei.
Karāhe whakakikoruatia me te paparanga ārai UV me te IR
Ka hangaia te karāhe whakakikorua mā te whakakotahi i ngā whārangi karāhe e rua, neke atu rānei, me te kiriata i waenganui (interlayer), ko te nuinga he PVB (polyvinyl butyral) EVA rānei. Ko te kaupapa taketake o te karāhe whakakikorua he haumaru: ki te pakaru, ka piri ngā maramara karāhe ki te kiriata. Heoi anō, ka taea hoki e te hangarau interlayer hou te whakarato i ētahi atu mahi:
– He tino whai hua te aukati i te hihi UV (he maha ngā wā ka eke ki te neke atu i te 95% o te hihi UV),
– Whakaitihia te kanapa,
– I ētahi momo, ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te tuku wera (i runga i te hanganga o te paparanga).
Nō reira, kei te rongonui haere te karāhe whakakikoruatia mō ngā whare e hiahia ana kia tiakina ō roto (hei tauira, ngā taiwhanga whakaatu, ngā toa hokohoko, ngā whare rānei he ngāwari te memeha o ngā taonga).
Te karaihe takirua (Wāhanga Karāhe Whakamarumaru/IGU): rautaki "mokowā i waenganui i te karāhe"
Ko tētahi atu hangarau nui ko te karaihe takirua, te IGU rānei, he mea tito mai i ngā whārangi karaihe e rua e wehea ana e te āputa hei hanga i tētahi kōhao kī tonu i te hau maroke, i te hau kore mahi rānei (pērā i te argon). Ko ngā painga o ngā IGU ko:
– Ka whakaiti i te whakawhiti wera kawe me te whakawhiti wera ātete,
– Whakapai ake i te whakamarie o te pāmahana tata ki ngā matapihi,
– Ka pehi i te hauhautanga i raro i ētahi tikanga.
He maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā IGU ki te karāhe Low-E: hei tauira, ko te karāhe o waho hei whakahaere i te rā, ko te karāhe o roto me te paninga Low-E hei whakapai ake i te whakamarumaru. He pai ake te mahi a tēnei whakakotahitanga i te karāhe kotahi.
Ngā uku parai me te karāhe tauira: he huarahi whakamarumaru whakauru
Hei whakaiti i te wera, me te kore e whakawhirinaki katoa ki ngā paninga, ka whakamahia hoki e te umanga he frit uku (he tauira uku) ki runga i te karāhe. Ka hangaia tēnei tauira, ka tunua ki roto i te karāhe, ka hanga he hononga pumau. Ko āna mahi matua ko:
– Whakaitihia te kaha o te hihi o te rā (te atarangi),
– Whakaitihia te kanapa,
– Ka tāpiri i te tūmataitinga me te ataahua.
He maha ngā wā ka whakakotahihia ngā frit me ngā hoahoa o mua, hei tauira, ngā tauira gradasi kiato i ngā wāhi e whiti tika ana te rā.
Whakakaha (kua whakamahanahia/kua whakapakarihia ki te wera) hei tu atu i ngā kawenga wera
Ina hangaia te karāhe hei mimiti, hei whakaata rānei i te wera, ka piki ake te pikinga o te pāmahana puta noa i te mata o te karāhe. Hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o te pakaru nā te ahotea wera, ka tukatukahia te karāhe hei:
– Karāhe whakamaroke (karaehe whakamaroke): he kaha ake, ā, ka pakaru ki ngā wahi iti.
– Whakakahangia e te wera: kaha waenga, he nui ake te whati i te mea kua whakapakeketia.
Ehara tēnei tukanga whakapakari i te hangarau whakaiti wera tika, engari he mea tino nui hei wāhanga o te hoahoa o ngā pūnaha karāhe e mahi ana i raro i ngā āhuatanga wera nui.
Ngā tohu mahi: SHGC, uara-U, me te VLT
Hei whiriwhiri i te hangarau tika, ka aromatawaihia te mahi o te karaihe mā te whakamahi i ētahi tawhā:
– SHGC (Tauwehenga Whakanui Wera o te Rā): ka iti ake, ka iti ake te wera o te rā e tomo mai ana.
– Uara-U: ki te iti ake, ka pai ake te kaha o te whakamarumaru (ka whakaiti i te whakawhiti wera).
– VLT (Te Tuku Mārama Arotahi): ka teitei ake, ka nui ake te mārama e kitea ana e tomo mai ana.
Ko te whāinga pai rawa atu ko te SHGC iti me te VLT tino teitei, kia mārama tonu ai te rūma engari kāore e wera. Heoi anō, he taupatupatu tonu kei te taha o te utu, te tae, te taumata whakaata, me ngā hiahia ataahua.
Te aronga auaha: te karāhe atamai me ngā paninga o te whakatupuranga hou
Ā tōna wā, ka neke haere te hangarau hanga karāhe ki ngā rauemi mahi urutau, hei tauira:
– Karāhe hiko-irahiko: ka rerekē te taumata pōuri me te ngaohiko hiko, ka whakahaere hihiri i te wera me te kanapa.
– Karāhe whakamaroke: ka huri te tauhohenga ki te pāmahana.
– Paninga whiriwhiri whānuitanga matatau: ka whakanui ake i te whiriwhiringa (ka tukuna te mārama e kitea ana engari ka ārai pai ake i te IR).
– Te whakaurunga ki ngā photovoltaics (BIPV): ka whakaputa hiko te karāhe me te whakaiti i te irahiko e tomo mai ana.
Ahakoa he utu nui tonu ētahi hangarau, kei te whānui haere te whakamahinga o ngā ia o te whai huatanga o te pūngao me ngā paerewa whare matomato.
Te Katinga
Kei te tere haere te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hanga karāhe e whakaiti ana i te wera me ngā kawenga irahiko, mai i te Low-E, te whakahaere rā, ngā tae, ngā papa mahi, tae atu ki ngā pūnaha karāhe-rua. He tikanga whakahaere, he painga, he herenga hoki tō ia kōwhiringa. Ko te kī ki te angitu kei roto i te whiriwhiri i tētahi huinga e pai ana ki te āhuarangi, te aronga o te whare, te hoahoa o te mata o mua, me ngā hiahia whakamarie o te hunga noho. Mēnā ka tika te whakatinanatanga, ehara te karāhe i te "pūtake wera" i roto i te whare, engari he huānga atamai e tautoko ana i te whai huatanga o te pūngao, te whakamarie tirohanga, me te tiaki i roto i te irahiko rā.
