Karāhe me te Hangarau Tuku Mārama Whai Hua mō te Whai Hua o te Pūngao
I te ao hoahoanga hou, kāore te karāhe e kitea noa iho hei rauemi tāpiri mō ngā matapihi, mō ngā mata rānei. Nā ngā whanaketanga hangarau rauemi kua hurihia te karāhe hei wāhanga rautaki e awe ana i te whakamarie o ngā wāhi, te hauora o ngā kainoho, me te mea nui, te whakapaunga pūngao o ngā whare. I waenganui i te tipu haere o te hiahia mō ngā whare whai hua pūngao me te taiao, kua puta ake ngā auahatanga karāhe me te hangarau tuku mārama whai hua. Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea te urunga mārama taiao pai rawa atu, me te whakaiti i te wera nui me ngā kawenga whakamatao me te whakamahana. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā, ngā momo hangarau, ngā painga, me ngā tono i roto i te horopaki o te whai hua pūngao.
He aha te hiranga o te tuku mārama?
Ko te whakawhiti mārama e pā ana ki te nui o te mārama e kitea ana ka taea te whiti mā roto i te karāhe. Ko te teitei ake o te whakawhiti, ko te kanapa ake o te wāhi o roto, ā, kāore e hiahiatia te whakawhirinaki ki ngā rama i te awatea. Heoi, ko te wero ko te kawe a te rā ehara i te mea ko te mārama e kitea ana engari ko te kaha wera (te hihi infrared) me te hihi ultraviolet (UV). Mēnā he "mārama" noa te karāhe me te kore he hangarau tāpiri, ka whiti te mārama, engari ka puta te wera, ka wera ake te rūma, ā, ka kaha ake te mahi a te hauhautanga. Koinei te wāhi e uru mai ai te hangarau karāhe hou: te pupuri i te whakawhiti mārama teitei me te pehi i te whakawhiti wera kino me te hihi.
I te hoahoa i ngā whare e penapena ana i te pūngao, ko te mea pai ko te karāhe kia taurite i waenga i:
– Te tuku mārama kitea teitei (VLT) mō te māramatanga taiao mōrahi.
– He iti te uara o te Tauwehenga Whakanui Wera o te Rā (SHGC) kia whakaitihia ai te wera o te rā e tomo mai ana.
– He iti te uara-U, ā, ka āraia te whakawhiti wera mai i waho ki roto (ki waho rānei ki roto).
– Te parenga UV hei tiaki i ngā rauemi o roto me te hauora.
Ngā momo hangarau karāhe whai hua
1. Karāhe Iti-E (Iti te Putanga)
Ko te karāhe iti-E tētahi o ngā mahi auaha rongonui i roto i ngā whare penapena-pūngao. Kua pania ki tētahi paparanga angiangi, tata kore e kitea o te konganuku, o te waikura konganuku rānei. Ka mahi tēnei paninga mā te whakaata i te hihi whero-whero: ka whakaata i te wera mai i waho, ka ārai i te urunga mai i te raumati, ā, ka pupuri i te wera mai i roto i te rangi makariri.
Ngā Painga o te Low-E:
– Ka taea tonu te uru pai mai o te mārama e kitea ana.
– Ka whakaiti i te kawenga whakamahana/hauāwhiowhio mā te whakahaere wera.
– Āwhina ki te pupuri i te pāmahana rūma kia pumau ake.
I ngā rohe pārūrū pērā i a Indonesia, ka whiriwhiria te Low-E nā te mea ka taea te pehi i te wera o te rā me te kore e tino pōuri te roto.
2. Karāhe Whakahaere Rā
He mea hanga motuhake te karāhe e whakahaerehia ana e te rā hei whakaiti i te hihi o te rā e tomo mai ana. Ka taea e tēnei hangarau te whakamahi i ngā paninga whakaata, ngā paninga mimiti rānei. Kāore i rite ki te karāhe Low-E, e aro ana ki ngā tukunga wera, ka pehia e te karāhe e whakahaerehia ana e te rā te kaha o te rā mai i te tīmatanga.
Ngā painga matua:
– Ka whakaiti i te kanapa me te wera.
– He pai mō ngā mata whānui o ngā whare tari.
– Ka āwhina i te whakamahi pai i te pūngao i roto i ngā whare e nui ana te pānga o te rā.
Heoi anō, ka taea e ētahi momo karāhe e whakahaerehia ana e te rā te whakaiti i te tuku mārama. Nō reira, me whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa hua ki ngā whakaritenga mārama taiao kia kore ai e piki ake te whakapaunga hiko mō te whakamārama.
3. Karāhe whakakā rua me te karāhe whakakā toru (karāhe paparua me ngā kōhao)
E whakamahia ana e tēnei hangarau ngā paparanga karāhe e rua, e toru rānei, e wehea ana e te kōhao hau, e te hau kore mahi rānei pērā i te argon. Ka mahi tēnei kōhao hei ārai i te whakawhiti wera, ā, ka tino whakapai ake i te whakamarumaru wera.
Te Hiranga:
– Ka whakaiti i te uara-U kia uaua ai te wera ki te uru.
– Whakapai ake i te whakamarie o te wera me te oro.
– Ka whakaiti i te haukū i runga i ngā mata karāhe.
Mō ngā āhuarangi pārūrū, he maha ngā wā ka honoa te karaihe takirua ki te karaihe Low-E, ki te karāhe whakahaere rā rānei, kia pai ake ai te whai huatanga. Ahakoa he nui ake te haumitanga tuatahi, ka taea e ngā penapena pūngao mō te wā roa te whakakore i ngā utu.
4. Karāhe whakakikoruatia me te paparanga motuhake
Ko te karāhe whakakikoruatia he mea hanga mai i ngā rau karāhe e rua kua herea tahitia ki tētahi kiriata (paparanga-i-roto), pērā i te PVB. Haunga te haumaru (ātete ki te pakaru me te pakaru), kua hangaia te paparanga-i-roto hei ārai i ngā hihi UV me te whakaiti i te wera me te kanapa.
painga:
– He tino ātete ki ngā hihi UV, ka whakaiti i te memeha o ngā tāonga me ngā papa.
– Ka taea te whakapai ake i te whakamarie tirohanga.
– Te haumarutanga tāpiri mō ngā wāhi tūmatanui me ngā whare teitei.
5. Karāhe hiko-irahiko (karāhe atamai)
He hangarau "karaehe atamai" te karāhe hiko-irahiko e whakarerekē ana i tōna pōuri ina pāngia he iahiko. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakarite i te nui o te māramatanga me te wera e whakaaetia ana kia rite ki ā rātou hiahia.
Te Hiranga:
– Ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā arai/ārai.
– Te whakahaere tika ake i te kanapa.
– He nui te kaha ki te penapena pūngao i roto i ngā whare he whānui ngā mata karaihe.
Ko ōna herenga ko te utu tīmatanga me te hiahia mō tētahi pūnaha whakahaere. Heoi, kei te piki haere te rongonui o tēnei hangarau i roto i ngā whare papai me ngā whare tari matomato.
6. Karāhe whakaahua-ira me te karāhe wera-ira
Haunga te electrochromic, kei reira te karāhe e huri aunoa ana i te tae i runga i te kaha o te mārama (photochromic) me te pāmahana (thermochromic). Ko te painga, kāore e hiahiatia he hiko hei urutau. Ka taea e tēnei hangarau te āwhina ki te pupuri i te whakamarie me te whakaiti i te wera, ahakoa kāore ōna tautuhinga i te ngāwari pērā i te electrochromic.
Pānga tika ki te whai huatanga o te pūngao
Ka taea e te karāhe whai hua te tuku mārama te penapena pūngao mā roto i ngā ara matua e toru:
1. Whakaitihia te whakamahinga o ngā rama i te awatea
Mā te VLT teitei me te hoahoa whakatuwheratanga tika, ka taea e te māramatanga taiao te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia māramatanga mō te nuinga o te wā mahi. I roto i ngā whare tari, ka nui te penapena pūngao mai i te māramatanga.
2. Whakaitihia te kawenga whakamatao
I ngā āhuarangi wera, ko te kawenga nui rawa atu ka ahu mai i te hauhautanga. Ka whakaitihia e te karāhe he iti te SHGC me te pai o te whakamarumaru te wera o te rā, ka māmā ake ngā mahi me te iti ake o te whakapaunga pūngao.
3. Whakanuia te whakamarie me te hua
Ahakoa kāore i te ine tika i ngā wā katoa i roto i te kWh, ka pā te whakamarie o te wera me te tirohanga ki te kounga o te wāhi. Ka akiakihia ngā kainoho e te wera nui, e te kanapa rānei, kia kati ngā ārai me te whakakā i ngā rama, ā, ka piki ake te whakapaunga pūngao.
Ngā tawhā nui mō te whiriwhiri i te karāhe penapena pūngao
Hei whiriwhiri i te karaihe tika, me whai whakaaro koe ki ētahi tawhā hangarau:
– VLT (Te Tukunga Mārama Ātaahua): ka teitei ake, ka kanapa ake.
– SHGC: ka iti iho, ka iti iho te wera o te rā e tomo mai ana.
– Uara-U: ki te iti iho, ka pai ake te whakamarumaru.
– Te Whakaata: ka taea e te karāhe whakaata te whakaiti i te wera, engari me whai whakaaro ki te pānga ataahua me te kanapa ki te taiao.
– Te tuku hihi UV: he mea nui mō te tiaki ā-roto.
Kāore he momo karāhe kotahi e "pai" ana mō ngā āhuatanga katoa. Me whai whakaaro ngātahi ki te aronga o te whare (he wera ake te rawhiti/uru), te mahi a te rūma, me ngā rautaki hoahoa kore mahi (te whakamarumaru, te taupua, te hauhautanga).
Te whakatinanatanga i roto i ngā whare: ngā rautaki whai hua
Ka tino pai ake te hangarau karāhe ina honoa ki ngā rautaki hoahoa, hei tauira:
– Whakamahia ngā tuanui, ngā papa ārai, ngā ārai rānei hei whakaiti i te pānga tika mai o te rā ki te rā.
– Whakatikatikahia te ōwehenga o te matapihi ki te pakitara kia kaua e nui rawa.
– Whakanuia te māramatanga mai i tētahi ahunga pumau ake (hei tauira, te raki/te tonga) me te whakahaere i ngā whakatuwheratanga rawhiti/uru.
– Ka whakauruhia te pūoko awatea me ngā pūnaha rama aunoa kia urutau ai te rama horihori ki te kaha o te māramatanga taiao.
Mā tēnei huarahi, ehara i te mea he "utu nui, he matatau hoki" te karāhe hangarau teitei, engari he nui hoki ngā penapena pūngao ka taea te ine.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te karāhe me te hangarau tuku mārama whai hua ki te waihanga whare penapena-pūngao. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te tuku mārama kitea teitei, te whakahaere wera o te rā, me te whakamarumaru wera pai rawa atu, ka taea e te karāhe hou te whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko mō te whakamārama me te whakamatao, me te whakanui ake i te whakamarie o te wāhi. Ko ngā auahatanga pēnei i te Low-E, te whakahaere rā, te karaihe takirua, ngā paparanga motuhake, me te karāhe atamai e tuku ana i ngā kōwhiringa kua whakaritea mō te hoahoa me ngā hiahia āhuarangi. Mā te whiriwhiri tika i ngā tawhā me te whakauru ki ngā rautaki hoahoanga kore mahi, ka nui atu te karāhe i te mea he wāhanga ataahua noa iho, engari he haumitanga roa ki te whai huatanga pūngao me te pumau.
