Te Tukanga Hanga Taura mō ngā Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Amiorangi
Ka whakawhirinaki ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi ki te tuku tohu auau-teitei me pumau, me tika, me ātete hoki ki te pokanoa. Kei muri i tēnei mahi tetahi wāhanga nui e warewarehia ana: ko ngā taura. Ehara i te mea ko ngā taura mō ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi he "hononga" noa iho i waenga i ngā taputapu, engari he pāpāho tuku me whai āhuatanga hiko motuhake, he iti te ngaronga, he kaha te parepare, me te ātete ki ngā taiao tino kino. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te tukanga whakaputa taura e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi—mai i te kōwhiringa rauemi ki te whakahaere kounga i mua i te whakapuakitanga o te taura he pai mō te whakamahi.
1. Ngā Whakaritenga Hangarau mō ngā Taura i roto i ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Amiorangi
Ko ngā taura i roto i ngā hanganga amiorangi e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā teihana whenua, ngā pūihi parabolic, ngā taputapu auau reo irirangi (RF), ngā LNB/LNA, ngā HPA/BUC, me ngā pouwhanga me ngā taputapu aroturuki. Ko ngā momo taura e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā taura coaxial, ā, i ētahi wāhanga o ngā whatunga raraunga/telemetry, ko ngā taura muka whatu. Mō te ara RF i waenga i te pūihi me te whakakaha, ko ngā taura coaxial mahi-teitei te whiringa matua nā te mea ka taea e rātou te kawe i ngā tohu auau-teitei me te aukati whakahaere (te nuinga o te 50 ohms, 75 ohms rānei) me te whakarato tiaki mai i te pokanoa hikohiko.
Ko te taura pai mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi me whai i ēnei mea:
– He iti te ngaronga whakaurunga i ngā auau whakahaere (L-band, S-band, C-band, Ku-band, Ka-band, i runga i te pūnaha).
– He iti te VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) hei tohu mō te pai o te taurite aukati.
– He tino whai hua te parepare hei pehi i ngā turuturu irahiko me ngā pokanoa o waho.
– Ātete ki te huarere me te hihi UV (te tāutanga ki waho) ā, he pumau ki ngā huringa pāmahana.
– Te pono o te miihini pērā i te kaha kume, te ngāwari, me te ātete ki te wiri.
2. Hangarau me te Hoahoa
Ka tīmata te tukanga whakaputa i mua noa atu i te tīmatanga o te wheketere. Ka tautuhia e te tīma hangarau ngā whakaritenga i runga i ngā whakaritenga pūnaha: momo taura, aukati, awhe auau, diameter, momo ara iahiko, rauemi dielectric, momo whakamarumaru (pepa konumohe, whiri, whakakotahitanga rānei), me te momo koti (PVC, PE, LSZH, fluoropolymer, me ētahi atu). Ka whakaarohia hoki e tēnei wāhanga ngā paerewa ahumahi me ngā whakaritenga tiwhikete, pērā i te tutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru ahi, te ātete matū, ngā paerewa mahi RF motuhake rānei.
He tino pakari hoki ngā āheinga ā-ahu e whakatauhia ana e ngā whakatakotoranga hoahoa. I roto i ngā taura coaxial RF, ka taea e ngā panonitanga iti o te diameter o te ara iahiko, te diameter rānei o te dielectric te neke i te aukati me te whakanui ake i ngā mate, ka waiho hei mea nui te mana whakahaere tukanga.
3. Te Kōwhiringa me te Whakarite i ngā Rauemi Mata
Ko ngā rauemi matua mō te taura coaxial ko:
1. Arataki waenga: he parahi totoka, he parahi whenu rānei (Cu), i ētahi wā he parahi whakakikoruatia ki te hiriwa mō te mahi auau teitei, mō ngā hiahia motuhake rānei. Mō ētahi whakamahinga, ka whakamahia te maitai whakakikoruatia ki te parahi (CCS) hei whakanui ake i te kaha ā-ringa.
2. Whakakorehiko: ka taea te PE (polyethylene), te pahuka PE (whakakorehiko hei whakaiti i te pūmau whakakorehiko), PTFE/FEP (fluoropolymer) mō te pāmahana teitei me te mate iti.
3. Whakamarumaru: he paparanga o te pepa konumohe me/ranei te whiri parahi. Ko te huinga pepa konumohe me te whiri te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakamarumaru pai ake.
4. Te koti o waho: PE mō waho (ātete ki ngā hihi UV me te huarere), PVC mō ētahi whakamahinga o roto, LSZH rānei mō ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia iti te tukunga paowa i te wā o te ahi.
I mua i te tīmatanga o te mahi hanga, ka tirotirohia ngā rauemi nei i ngā wā tuatahi: te parakore o te parahi, te whānui o te waea, ngā āhuatanga hangarau, me te whakamātautau i ngā rauemi kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga.
4. Te Tukanga Tuhi Waea me te Whakamahana
Mena ka hangaia e te wheketere āna ake ara iahiko, ka kumea te parahi mata mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā mate hei whakatutuki i te diameter e hiahiatia ana. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga he kumea waea. I muri i te kumea, ka pakeke haere te parahi nā te whakapakeketanga mahi, nō reira ka whakamahanahia (ka whakahaeretia te whakamahana) hei whakahoki mai i te ngāwari me te ara iahiko tino pai.
Mō ngā ara iahiko kua paea, ka mirohia ngā waea iti e puta mai ana i te kukume (paea) kia ngāwari ake ai te taura, kia ātete hoki ki te whati i te wā e tāuta ana.
5. Te Whakaputa Hiko-ā-Waea: Te Hanga i te Matua Taura
Ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te pani i te ara iahiko o waenganui ki te matū whakapūmau mā te whakamahi i te tukanga whakaputa. Ka whakamahana te mīhini whakaputa i te pire polymer (hei tauira, PE, PTFE rānei) kātahi ka panaia mā roto i te mata, ka takai i te ara iahiko ki te pokapū. I roto i ngā taura RF, he mea nui te pokapū: me tika te pokapū o te matū whakapūmau kia mau tonu te aukati me te whakaiti i ngā hapa horapa tohu.
Ka whakamahia e ngā dielectric pahuka he tikanga pahuka me te hau, tētahi atu matū rānei hei hanga i tētahi hanganga moroiti tuwhera. Mā te pahuka i te dielectric ka whakaitihia te pūmau dielectric, ka hua ake he iti ake te ngaronga me te tere horapa tohu teitei ake.
I muri i te whakaputanga, ka whakamataohia te matua o te taura i roto i te kaukau whakamatao (awa wai) ka whakahaerehia ōna inenga mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūoko taiaho, i tētahi ine whānui ipurangi rānei.
6. Tāutanga o te Parepare: Te Pepa Whakarewa me te Whiri
Kia oti te hanga o te matua taura, ka tāutahia te parepare. He maha ngā whirihoranga noa:
– Parenga konumohe (rīpene): rīpene konumohe (he maha ngā wā he piripiri, he paparanga whakakikorua rānei) kua takaihia ki te taha porowhita, ki te taha roa rānei huri noa i te dielectric. He whai hua te konumohe mō ngā auau teitei, ā, tata tonu te kapi katoa.
– Parenga whiri: he waea parahi e whatua ana ki te paparanga pepa konutea, ki runga rānei i te hikohiko. Ka whakanui ake te whiri i te kaha ā-ringa, ā, ka whakarato i te parenga tāpiri, inā koa mō te pokanoa hikohiko matatini.
Mō ngā hiahia tairongo o te amiorangi, ka whiriwhiria te whakangungu rakau takirua (pepa konumohe + whiri) te whakangungu rakau takitoru/takiwhā rānei, i runga i ngā paerewa tāutanga me te taiao pokanoa.
He tino āta whakahaeretia te hipoki whiri, hei tauira, i te 70%, 85%, neke atu rānei i te 90%. Mā te hipoki nui ake ka pai ake te ārai, engari ka piki ake hoki te utu me te pakari o te taura.
7. Te Whakaputa i te Koti o Waho
Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga o te hanganga ā-tinana o te taura ko te whakaputanga o te koti o waho. Ka tiakina e te koti te taura mai i te pakū, te makuku, ngā matū, te pānga UV, me ngā kino ā-mīhini. Mō ngā whakamahinga o waho i ngā teihana whenua, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he koti PE ātete-UV. Mō ngā whakaurunga o roto e hiranga ana te haumaru ahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te LSZH hei whakaiti i te paoa me ngā hau waikura i te wā e tahuna ana.
I tēnei taahiraa ka taea e koe te tāpiri:
– Tāpiritanga whakaū UV
– Ārai mura
– Te ārai-wai (te ārai i te horapa o te wai) i roto i ētahi hoahoa
– Te ārai (he paparanga tiaki tāpiri i roto i te āhua o te rīpene maitai/konumohe, te whiri rānei) mēnā kua tanumia te taura, kei roto rānei i tētahi wāhi e pāngia ana e te pānga
I muri i te whakaputanga o te koti, ka whakamataohia anō te taura ka hurihia (ka tangohia) ki runga i te pahu me te mana whakahaere kume kia pumau ai te āhua o te taura, ā, kia kore ai e rerekē.
8. Te Tā, te Tohu me te Tāutu
Kātahi ka tohua ngā taura ki te momo taura, te tau puranga, te kaihanga, te rahi, te paerewa, me ngā tohu mita. He mea nui tēnei tohu mō te whai i ngā raruraru o te mara. I roto i ngā kaupapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi nui, mā te whai i ngā taura ka tere te rangahau—hei tauira, te whakatau i te pūtake mai o te taura me ngā tawhā whakaputa i whakamahia.
9. Mana Kounga me te Whakamātautau Hiko RF
I mua i te tukunga, ka whakamatautauria ngā taura:
1. Whakamātautau ā-ahu me te tirohanga
– Te whānui o te arataki, te ārai hiko, te whakangungu rakau, me te koti
– Te āhua porowhita me te āhua porowhita
– Ngā hapa o te mata, ngā kapiti, ngā poke rānei
2. Te whakamātautau hiko taketake
– Te ātete DC o te kaiārahi
– Ātete ārai
– Whakamātautau hi-pot (whakamātautau ngaohiko pakaru) hei whakarite i te haumaru o te whakamarumaru
3. Whakamātautau āhuatanga RF
– Te ātete āhuatanga (50/75 ohms) me tōna manawanui
– Te ngaronga whakaurunga/te whakaiti i ia roa i tētahi auau kua hoatu
– Te ngaronga whakahokinga me/ranei te VSWR
– Te whai huatanga o te parepare/te turuturu (ina koa mō ngā whakaurunga ka pāngia e te pokanoa)
4. Whakamātautau ā-mīhini me te taiao
– Whakamātautau kume me te whakaroa o te koti
– Whakamātautau ngāwari/piko
– Whakamātautau pāmahana (hurihuri wera)
– Whakamātautau ātete UV me te makuku mō ngā taura o waho
Ka tuhia ngā hua o te whakamātautau ki te tuhinga kounga, ā, mō ētahi kaupapa, ka tāpirihia he tiwhikete whakamātautau (pūrongo whakamātautau) e whai wāhi ana ki te tuhinga tuku.
10. Te Tākai, te Rokiroki, me te Tohatoha
I muri i te whakamātautau, ka takaihia te taura ki runga i ngā pahu, ki ngā pōro rānei, kia rite ki te roa i whakaritea. Me ārai te takai i te rerekētanga, te urunga mai o te wai, me te kino i te wā e tukuna ana. He tino kaha hoki te rokiroki: ka āta whakaarohia te pāmahana o te whare putunga, te haumākū, me ngā tikanga whakarārangi pahu hei ārai i te koroheketanga wawe o te koti me te āhua o te taura.
I te wāhanga tohatoha, ka tāpirihia e ngā kaihanga, e ngā kaiwhakauru rānei ngā taunakitanga tāutanga: te iti rawa o te piko, te kaha kume mōrahi, me te tika o te mutunga hononga. He mea nui tēnei nā te mea ahakoa te taura pai rawa atu ka ngoikore te mahi mena kāore i te tika te tāutanga, me ngā hononga kāore i te ōrite, mena rānei ka tangohia te parepare i te wā whakamutu.
Whakamutunga
Ko te tukanga whakaputa taura mō ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti amiorangi he raupapa mahi e hiahia ana kia tino tika: mai i te hoahoa ārai me te whiriwhiri rauemi, te hanganga arataki me te dielectric, te ārai, ki te whakaputanga koti me te whakamātautau RF tino pakari. Nā te mea ka mahi ngā pūnaha amiorangi i ngā auau teitei, ā, he maha ngā wā i roto i ngā taiao wero, ka pā tika te kounga o te taura ki te pumau o te hononga, te whakaiti haruru, me te pai o te tuku mana RF. Mā te whakahaere kounga matatika me te hoahoa e tika ana mō te tono, ka taea e ngā taura te noho hei wāhanga pono hei pupuri i te mahi whakawhitiwhiti amiorangi tino pai mō te wā roa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarite i tēnei tuhinga kia hāngai ake ki te taura coaxial L-band mō ngā teihana whenua, te taura arataki ngaru, te taura muka whatu rānei mō ngā tuara whatunga amiorangi, me ngā tauira o ngā paerewa whakamātautau me ngā tawhā noa.
