Te tukanga hanga taura mō ngā pūnaha hiko hau
Kua noho te pūngao hau hei pou nui mō te whakawhiti ki te pūngao ma. Kei muri i ngā tāwhana hau teitei me ō rātou mata hurihuri e takoto ana he hanganga hiko matatini e whakarite ana i te tohatoha haumaru me te whai hua o te hiko i whakaputaina. Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui ko te taura. Ehara i te mea he "kaikawe hiko noa" ngā taura mō ngā pūnaha hiko hau, engari he mea hanga motuhake kia tū atu ki ngā āhuatanga taiao tino kino, te wiri, te nekehanga hihiri, me te pānga ki te wai tote i roto i ngā tāwhana moana. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te tukanga hanga taura mō ngā pūnaha hiko hau, mai i te hoahoa ki te whakamātautau kounga.
1. Kia mārama ki ngā whakaritenga tono mō ngā tāpine hau
I mua i te tīmatanga o te hanga, ka whakahaerehia e ngā kaihanga taura he tātaritanga hiahia i runga i te wāhi me te mahi o te taura. I roto i ngā pūnaha hiko hau, ka wehea ngā taura ki ētahi wāhanga: ngā taura i roto i te nacelle (whare whakaputa hiko), ngā taura i runga i te pourewa, ngā taura mō te pūnaha pitch me te yaw (koki mata me te aronga o te tāpine), me ngā taura i waenganui i te tāpine me te teihana hiko (ngā taura i waenga i ngā rarangi me ngā taura kaweake, inā koa i roto i ngā pāmu hau o waho).
He rerekē ngā whakaritenga o ia kāwai. Me tu atu ngā taura e rere ana i roto i ngā pourewa ki ngā kawenga miihini me te waku. Me tu atu ngā taura pitch/yaw ki te piko me te torsion auau. Me tu atu ngā taura o waho ki te UV, te ozone, te haumākū, me ngā rerekētanga pāmahana. I roto i ngā tono moana, he tino uaua ngā whakaritenga mō te ātete ki te waikura o te moana me te tiaki i te urunga o te wai. Mā tēnei wāhanga tātari ka whakatauhia te hoahoa o te ara iahiko, te rauemi whakamarumaru, te momo mata, te pukupuku, me te kōwhiringa koti o waho.
2. Hoahoa hangarau: ngā ara iahiko, te whakamarumaru, me te hanganga taura
I muri i te maheretanga o ngā whakaritenga, ka whakawhanakehia e te tīma hangarau ngā whakatakotoranga taura. Ko te kōwhiringa rauemi kawe hiko i waenga i te parahi (Cu) me te konumohe (Al). He nui ake te kawe hiko o te parahi, ā, he pai te ngāwari, he mea noa mō ngā taura whakahaere, ngā taura taputapu, me ngā taura e nekehia ana. He mama ake te konumohe, ā, he iti ake te utu, ka whakamahia pinepinetia i roto i ngā taura hiko wāhanga nui mō te tuku hiko.
Ko ētahi atu tawhā nui ko:
– Te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga o te ara iahiko (mm²) hei whakatau i te kaha kawe iahiko.
– Ngaohiko ingoa (hei tauira, 0,6/1 kV mō ngā taura LV, 6–35 kV mō te MV).
– Te akomanga ngāwari o te ara iahiko, inā koa mō ngā taura hihiri.
– Ngā rauemi whakamahana pēnei i te XLPE (polyethylene hono-whiti), EPR/HEPR, PVC motuhake rānei.
– He ārai hikohiko (mata) mō ngā taura MV hei whakahaere i ngā mara hiko.
– He pukupuku (waea rino, he rīpene rino rānei, he pukupuku waea konumohe rānei) hei tiaki ā-ringa, inā koa ngā taura o raro whenua/moana.
– He koti o waho (hei tauira, PE, LSZH, polyurethane/PU rānei) hei ātete ki te waikura me te huarere.
Me tutuki tēnei hoahoa i ngā paerewa ahumahi me ngā whakaritenga tiwhikete, pērā i te IEC/EN, me ngā whakaritenga motuhake a te kaihanga tāpine (OEM).
3. Te tukanga tā waea
Ko te wāhanga whakaputa ā-tinana ka tīmata mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi whakarewa mata i te āhua o ngā tokotoko parahi, konumohe rānei. Kātahi ka tōia ngā tokotoko mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā mati hei whiwhi i te diameter waea iti e hiahiatia ana. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga he tōia waea.
I te wā e kumea ana, ka rerekē te āhua o te waea, ā, ka wera ake, ka hiahiatia he hinu whakahinuhinu me te whakahaere i te pāmahana. Mō te parahi, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he tukanga whakamahana (whakamahana whakahaere) hei hanga i te waea kia ngāwari, kia kore ai e pakarukaru. Ko te mutunga o tēnei tukanga he waea angiangi he rite te whānui, koinei ngā huānga matua o te hanganga o te ara iahiko.
4. Te hanganga o te arataki (te whiri)
Kātahi ka honoa ngā waea kua kumea hei arataki kotahi mā te tukanga whiri. E rua ngā huarahi whānui:
– He miro porowhita, he porowhita te whakaritenga o te waea i roto i ngā paparanga.
– He taura here, he ngāwari ake, he pai mō ngā mahi e neke/wiri ana i ngā wā katoa.
Mō ngā taura hau, he maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria he taura ngāwari ake mō ngā wāhanga hihiri, pērā i te ara ki te pūnaha piko. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka mirohia e te mīhini piko te waea me te piko motuhake (te roa o te koiri). He mea nui te piko tika mō te kawe hiko kaha engari ngāwari. Kia oti te kawe hiko, ka whakahaerehia he whakamātautau ātete hiko hei whakarite kia tutuki te kawe hiko i ngā whakaritenga.
5. Te whakaputanga ārai: te paninga me te tiaki i te ara iahiko
Kātahi ka tomo ngā kaiārahi hiko ki te rārangi whakaputa whakamahana, arā, ko te tukanga paninga o ngā kaiārahi hiko ki tētahi rauemi pūmua mā te whakamahi i tētahi mea whakaputa. Ko ngā rauemi whakamahana noa mō ngā pūnaha hiko hau ko te XLPE, ko te EPR rānei nā te mea he ātete ki te wera me ngā āhuatanga dielectric pai.
I roto i ngā taura MV, ka uru pea ki te tukanga whakamahana he maha ngā paparanga:
1. Mata arataki (haurua-arataki) hei whakangawari i te papa hiko i runga i te mata o te arataki.
2. Paparanga whakamarumaru (XLPE/EPR) hei whakamarumaru matua.
3. Mata ārai (haurua-arahi) hei whakahaere i te papa hiko, hei whakahaere hoki i te tāutanga o te mata whakarewa.
He mea nui te whakahaere i te matotoru o te whakamarumaru. Ka raru pea te pakaru o te hiko ina tino angiangi rawa, engari ka piki ake te utu ina matotoru rawa, ā, ka kore e ngāwari te taura. Ka āta haere te whakamatao i muri i te whakaputanga, mā te whakamahi i tētahi ipu wai e whakahaeretia ana te pāmahana hei ārai i ngā hapa o te rauemi (ngā āputa, ngā mirumiru, ngā pakaru iti rānei).
6. Te tāuta i te mata me te whakangungu rakau
Mō ngā taura maha-mita (MV) me ētahi taura whakahaere tairongo, ka whakamahia he mata whakarewa (he parahi te nuinga) i te āhua o te rīpene, te waea rānei. Ka mahi te mata hei ara mō ngā ia hapa, ā, ka mahi hei parepare hikohiko. Mō ngā taura kei roto i ngā taiao hau me ngā taputapu hiko maha, ka āwhina te parepare ki te whakaiti i te pokanoa.
Mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini whiri, i tētahi mīhini whiri rānei, ka whakahaerehia te tukanga tāutanga mata. Ka whakamatautauria te matotoru o te whatu, te taupatupatu o te rīpene, me te haere tonu o te mata kia tino tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga haumaru me te hototahi hikohiko (EMC).
7. Ārai: he parenga ā-ringa mō ngā āhuatanga kino
Mō ngā taura e mōrearea ana ki te ahotea ā-mīhini nui—pērā i ngā taura o raro whenua, o raro moana rānei—ka tāpirihia he ārai. I roto i ngā pūnaha taimoana, he mea tika tonu te ārai nā te mea me tu atu te taura i te ahotea tāutanga, ngā pānga, me ngā kino pea mai i ngā punga, i te waku rānei o te papa moana.
Ka taea e te pukupuku te:
– He pukupuku waea rino (SWA) mō te kaha kume teitei.
– He pukupuku rīpene maitai (STA) hei ārai i te pēhanga.
– He pukupuku waea konumohe kei roto i ētahi hoahoa hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o te waikura konukōre.
Ka tāutahia te pukupuku mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini motuhake e takai tonu ana i te waea/rīpene. Muri iho, ka tāpirihia he paparanga whāriki hei ārai i te pakaru o ngā paparanga o raro i te pukupuku.
8. Te whakaputanga o te koti o waho: te ātete ki te huarere, te UV me te matū
Ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakaputa i te koti o waho (te hipoki). I roto i ngā tāhū hau, me kaha te koti o waho ki te tu atu ki:
– te hihi UV (ina koa kei uta),
– te ōzone me te huarere kino,
– te haumākū nui me te hauhautanga,
– ētahi hinu me ngā mea whakahinuhinu i roto i te nacelle,
– te karawarawa nā te wiri, te waku rānei.
Ko ngā rauemi o te koti he PE (polyethylene) hei ātete pai ki te huarere, he LSZH (low smoke free halogen) hei ārai i te ahi i roto i ngā wāhi kua kati, he PU rānei hei ātete ki te pakū i roto i ngā tono hihiri. Ka whakamahia hoki te tohu (waehere taura, rahi, ngaohiko, tau i hangaia ai, me te paerewa) i tēnei wā.
9. Te whakamātautau kounga me te tiwhikete
Me whai whakamātautau wheketere ngā taura mō ngā pūnaha hiko hau (ngā whakamātautau noa me ngā whakamātautau momo). Ko ētahi o ngā whakamātautau noa ko:
– Whakamātautau ātete o te ara iahiko me te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga.
– Whakamātautau ngaohiko teitei (hipot) hei whakarite kāore te whakamarumaru e pakaru.
– Whakamātautau tukunga wāhanga (MV anake) hei kite i ngā hapa iti o te whakamarumaru.
– Ngā whakamātautau kume, piko, takahuri me te ngenge mō ngā taura hihiri.
– Whakamātautau koroheketanga wera, ātete ki te UV, me te ātete ki te wai/makuku.
– Mō ngā taura ruku wai: whakamātautau werohanga wai, ātete ki te waikura, ā, i ētahi wā whakamātautau pēhanga.
Mena he kaupapa motuhake te taura, ka whakarite hoki te kaihanga i ngā tuhinga whai i ngā rauemi mata, ngā pūrongo whakamātautau, me ngā tiwhikete e whakaatu ana i te tutuki i ngā paerewa e hiahiatia ana.
10. Te tākai, te rokiroki me te tuku ki te papaanga kaupapa
I muri i te whakamātautau, ka takaihia te taura ki runga i tētahi pahu rakau, maitai rānei, he whānui motuhake hei ārai i te piko rawa. Mō ngā taura roa, pērā i ngā taura kaweake ki tāwāhi, ka taea te tuku kaipuke mā te whakamahi i ngā kaipuke motuhake me te pūnaha carousel. Me aro nui hoki ki te pāmahana, te pānga tika o te rā, me te tūranga o te pahu i roto i te rokiroki hei ārai i te rerekētanga o te taura.
He mea nui ngā tikanga whakahaere me te kukume taura i te wāhi mahi mō tōna roanga ora. Ahakoa ngā taura matatau, ka pakaru pea mēnā ka hipa te radius piko, ka hipa te kukū, mēnā rānei kāore te pito taura i te mau tika, ka uru te makuku ki roto i te hanganga taura.
Te Katinga
Ko te tukanga hanga taura mō ngā pūnaha hiko hau e whakakotahi ana i te hangarau rauemi, te whakahaere kounga pakari, me te hoahoa i whakaritea ki te taiao mahi o te tāpine. Mai i te kukume waea, te here, te whakaputanga whakamarumaru, te tāutanga mata, te whakapuru, tae noa ki te koti o waho, he mahi nui tā ia taahiraa ki te whakarite kia taea e te taura te tuku hiko haumaru, whai hua, me te pumau. I te whānui haere o ngā pāmu hau o uta me tai, ka piki haere tonu te hiahia mō ngā taura pono ake, ngāwari ake, me te ātete ake—ka waiho te hangarau taura hei mea nui ki te angitu o te hiko hau ā muri ake nei.
