Ngā Taura Ātete Wai mō ngā Pūnaha Hiko o raro Whenua
I roto i te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga hou—mai i ngā wāhi noho me ngā pokapū ahumahi ki ngā whare tūmatanui—kei te piki haere te hiahia mō ngā pūnaha hiko ma, haumaru, me te pakari. Ko tētahi huarahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te whakatakoto i ngā whatunga hiko ki raro i te whenua. Haunga te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te huarere me te whakarei ake i te hoahoa tāone mā te whakaiti i ngā taura e iri ana, ka tukuna hoki e ngā pūnaha raro i te whenua he tiaki tinana pai ake. Heoi, ko ngā wero matua ko te pānga ki ngā taiao makuku, te wai e tū ana, me te kaha o te wai e tomo ana mā roto i ngā āputa tāutanga. Koinei te wāhi e tino hira ai ngā taura ārai wai.
He aha i hiahia ai ngā pūnaha hiko o raro whenua i ngā taura ārai wai?
He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ngā taiao o raro whenua i ngā whakaurunga o runga. He nui te makuku e mau tonu ana i te oneone, ā, i ētahi wāhi, ka rerekē te taumata wai i runga i ngā wā. Hei tāpiri, ka waipuketia pea ngā raina ratonga o raro whenua nā te ngoikore o te rerenga wai, te waipuke, te turuturu rānei mai i ētahi atu paipa. He nui ngā tūponotanga o ēnei āhuatanga ki ngā taura hiko mēnā kāore i hangaia kia tika te tiakitanga.
Ko te wai te hoariri matua o ngā pūnaha hiko. Ina uru te wai ki roto i te hanganga taura, ka taea e ia te whakaiti i te whakamarumaru, te whakapūmau i te waikura i roto i ngā kaiārahi hiko, te hanga ara iahiko turuturu, tae atu ki te whakapūmau i ngā ara iahiko poto. I roto i te wā roa, ka taea e tēnei raruraru te arahi ki te whakararuraru i te tuku hiko, te utu nui o te whakatikatika, me te tūponotanga o te ahi, te ru hiko rānei.
Nō reira, ehara ngā taura ārai wai i te "kōwhiringa tāpiri" noa iho, engari he wāhanga nui hei whakarite i te pono o ngā whakaurunga hiko o raro whenua.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o ngā Taura Ārai Wai
Ko te kupu "ātete wai" mō te taura ehara i te mea ka taea te ruku mo ake tonu atu. He maha ngā taumata o te tiaki wai, mai i te ātete makuku me te ātete tauhiuhi ki te kaha ki te tu atu i te ruku roa. Ko ngā taura o raro whenua he mea hanga kia tu atu i te haumākū teitei, ā, kei roto hoki he pūnaha ārai wai.
Ko ētahi o ngā mātāpono e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā taura ārai wai ko:
1. Te whakamarumaru kounga teitei
Ko ngā rauemi whakamahana pēnei i te XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) he mea whiriwhiri pinepine nā te mea he pai te ātete ā-mīhini me te ātete hiko, me te pumau hoki i ngā pāmahana mahi teitei.
2. He pūmau, he kaha te paparanga o waho o te koti
Ko te hipoki o waho e whakamahi ana i te PVC, PE, me ētahi atu rauemi motuhake e ātete ana ki te waikura, te ātete ki ngā matū, me te ātete ki te makuku.
3. Te aukati wai (te aukati wai)
He maha ngā taura o raro whenua e whakamahi ana i te rīpene ārai wai, te paura mimiti wai, ngā kirikiri motuhake rānei ka whānui haere ina pāngia e te wai. Ko te whāinga he ārai i te wai kei haere i te taura (te urunga wai whakaroa).
4. Te tiaki ā-ringa
He maha ngā taura o raro whenua e pāngia ana e te pēhanga whenua, te waku, te raruraru rānei mai i ngā mahi hanga. Nō reira, ko ētahi momo taura he mea whakakakahu ki te pukupuku (hei tauira, te rīpene maitai, te waea maitai rānei) hei whakanui ake i te tiakitanga.
Ngā Momo Taura Noa e Whakamahia ana mō ngā Tāutanga o raro whenua
Ko te kōwhiringa taura e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ngaohiko, te kawenga, ngā āhuatanga o te oneone, me te tikanga tāutanga (tanu tika, paipa, paepae raro whenua rānei). Ko ētahi momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Taura XLPE kua whakamahanatia me te koti PE/PVC
E whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te tohatoha ngaohiko iti ki te waenga, he pai te ātete ki te wera me te mahi hiko.
– Taura ārai
He pai mō te tāuta tika ki te tanu nā te mea he ātete ake ki te pānga me te pēhanga.
– He taura kua āraia ki te wai te hoahoa
He mea hanga motuhake mō ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te waipuke, mō ngā ara rānei e mōrearea ana ki te totohu, me te hangarau ātete wai-whāiti me te ātete roa.
– Taura ruku motuhake
Mō ētahi āhuatanga, pērā i te tāutanga papu puna, te rerenga wai, ngā wāhi rānei e totohu tonutia ana, me whai taura me ngā whakaritenga totohu pakari ake.
I te mea he rerekē ngā tikanga hokohoko me ngā waehere momo taura i runga i te whenua me ngā paerewa a te kaihanga, ko te mea nui kia whakarite kia tika te whakatauranga whakamahinga o te taura i raro i te whenua, ā, kia ātete hoki ki te wai.
Ngā Paerewa me ngā Tiwhikete hei Whakaaroaro
Me tutuki ngā taura mō ngā pūnaha raro whenua i ngā paerewa ā-motu me te ao e tika ana. Mā ngā paerewa ka whakarite te kounga o ngā rauemi, te ātete ki te whakamahana, te kaha kawe hiko, me te whakamātautau taiao. I Indonesia, ko ngā tohutoro whānui ka uru pea ki ngā paerewa SNI (Paerewa ā-Motu o Indonesia) me ngā paerewa IEC kua whakamahia i roto i ngā whakaritenga kaupapa. Mō ngā kaupapa motuhake, me tono pea ngā kaitohutohu, ngā rangatira rānei i ētahi atu tiwhikete, tae atu ki ngā whakamātautau whakaae ki te wheketere me te papaanga.
Ko ngā mea nui hei tirotiro mā roto i ngā tuhinga hangarau taura ko:
– Ngaohiko ingoa me te ngaohiko whakamātautau
– Momo ārai me te matotoru
– Ātete wai (aukati wai)
– Awhe pāmahana whakahaere
– Te ātete ki ētahi matū (hei tauira, te oneone waikawa, te oneone tote rānei)
– Ātete ā-mīhini me te momo pukupuku mēnā e hiahiatia ana
Ngā Tikanga Tāutanga e Tautoko ana i te Pumau o te Taura
Ahakoa ngā taura pai, ka tere tonu te pakaru mēnā he hē te tāutanga. Me whai tikanga tika te tāutanga ki raro i te whenua hei ārai i te kino o ngā taura, me te ārai hoki i te wai kia uru ngāwari mā roto i ngā hononga.
Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga tāutanga kua tūtohutia ko:
1. Whakamahia ngā paipa, ngā awa rānei hei tiaki i ngā wā katoa e taea ai.
Mā te paipa hiko ka tiaki te taura mai i te pēhanga o te whenua, ā, ka māmā ake te whakakapinga a meake nei.
2. Te tika o te moenga me te whakakī anō
Me whakatakoto te taura ki runga i te onepū, i tētahi mea ngohengohe rānei hei turanga, kātahi ka hipokina anō ki tētahi mea kāore i te koi kia kore ai e rakuraku te uhi taura.
3. Te whakarato i te rīpene whakatūpato me ngā tohu ara
Mā te rīpene whakatūpato e tāpiri ki te ara taura ka āwhina ki te ārai i ngā kino o te keri.
4. Te aro nui ki ngā hononga me ngā pito
Ko ngā pūwāhi hononga ngā wāhi tino whakaraerae ki te urunga mai o te wai. Whakamahia te kete hononga e tika ana, ngā tikanga whakaiti wera, whakaiti makariri rānei kounga teitei, ā, kia tino mahia te mahi e te tohunga hangarau whai tohu.
5. Te waikeri me te whakahaere wai
I roto i ngā poka wai, me whakarite kia pai te pūnaha rerenga wai, whakamahia rānei he papu poka wai mēnā e tika ana hei ārai i te pupū o te wai.
Ngā Mōrearea o te Whakamahi i ngā Taura Kāore e Ārai Wai
Mā te whakamahi i ngā taura kāore i hangaia mō ngā taiao o raro whenua ka puta he maha ngā raruraru. I te tīmatanga, ko te tohu anake pea ko te pakaru o te whakamarumaru, he uaua ki te kite me te kore e whakamatautauria. Heoi, i roto i te wā, ka taea e te wai te whakatere i te pakaru o te whakamarumaru, te whakakino i te waikura o te ara hiko, me te whakararu ohorere i te hiko.
He nui hoki te utu me te roa o te wā e pau ana ki te pakaru o ngā taura o raro whenua nā te mea me keri kia kitea ai te hapa. I ngā wāhi e noho puku ana te tangata, ka taea e tēnei tukanga te whakararuraru i te urunga ki te rori me ngā mahi a te hapori, ā, me nui ake ngā whakaaetanga me te whakaritenga uaua. Nō reira, he nui ake te ohanga o te haumi ki ngā taura ārai wai i mua i te wā i ngā whakatikatika utu nui i muri mai.
Te Tiaki me te Whakamātautau hei Pupuri i te Pono
Ahakoa kāore e kitea ngā taura o raro i te whenua, ehara i te mea kāore e hiahiatia he tiaki. Mō ngā pūnaha tino nui (hei tauira, ngā whare ahumahi, ngā whare tino nui rānei), e taunakihia ana kia whakamātauhia i ia wā, pēnei i:
– Whakamātautau ātete ārai
– Whakamātautau VLF/hipot mō te ngaohiko waenga
– Te tirotiro wera i te pūwāhi whakamutunga (whakaahua wera)
– Te aroturuki i ngā hapa o te whenua
Mā ēnei raraunga whakamātautau ka kitea te hekenga o te kounga i mua i te puta o te hē katoa.
Whakamutunga
He tūāpapa nui ngā taura ārai wai mō te pono o ngā pūnaha hiko o raro whenua. Mā te whakamarumaru tika, te uhi o waho pakari, ngā āhuatanga ārai wai, me te tiaki miihini tika, ka taea e ngā taura te tu atu i te haumākū nui me te mōrearea o te waipuke. Heoi, me tautoko te kounga o te taura e ngā tikanga tāutanga tika, inā koa i ngā hononga me ngā pito, nā te mea koinei ngā wāhi tino whakaraerae ki te urunga mai o te wai.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te whiriwhiri i ngā taura ārai wai ehara i te mea ko te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga hangarau anake, engari he rautaki roa hoki hei whakaiti i ngā whakararuraru, hei whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki, hei whakapai ake hoki i te haumaru. I roto i ngā kaupapa hiko o raro whenua, mā ngā whakataunga wawe ka whakatau te roa o te pūnaha mō ngā tau e haere ake nei—ā, ko ngā taura ārai wai tētahi o ngā mea tino nui.
