Ngā momo pikinga utu
He āhuatanga ōhanga noa te pikinga utu puta noa i te ao, e piki haere ana ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga i roto i tētahi wā. Ka puta tēnei āhuatanga nā ngā āhuatanga maha, ā, he pānga nui ki te ōhanga o tētahi whenua. I roto i te tātari ōhanga, ka whakarōpūhia te pikinga utu ki ētahi momo i runga i ōna take, i ōna āhuatanga rānei. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo pikinga utu e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i roto i te ōhanga.
1. Te pikinga ngāwari
Ko te pikinga utu ngāwari, arā, ko te pikinga utu whakahaere, ka puta ina piki noa ngā utu mā te 1-2% ia tau. I tēnei taumata, he maha ngā wā ka kiia he pai te pikinga utu nā te mea e whakaata ana i te tipu ōhanga pumau. E kite ana ngā kaihoko kāore ngā utu mō ngā taonga me ngā ratonga e piki nui ana, nō reira kāore te mana hoko e tino pāngia. He maha ngā wā ka whakatakotohia e ngā peeke pokapū o ngā whenua rerekē ngā whāinga pikinga utu i roto i tēnei awhe hei pupuri i te pumau ōhanga.
2. Te pikinga utu ngāwari
Ko te pikinga utu ngāwari, e kiia ana ko te pikinga utu ngāwari, ka puta ina piki ake ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga i waenga i te 3% me te 10% ia tau. I tēnei taumata o te pikinga utu, ahakoa kei te pai tonu te mahi a te ōhanga, kei reira te tūponotanga ka tere ake te pikinga utu mena kāore e aro turukihia. Ka rerekē ngā take o te pikinga utu ngāwari, mai i te pikinga o te tono ki te hekenga o te tuku o ētahi taonga.
3. Te pikinga utu nui
Ka puta te pikinga utu nui ina neke atu i te 10% ia tau te tere o te pikinga utu. I tēnei āhuatanga, ka pā kino te pikinga utu ki te ōhanga mā te piki tere o ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. Ka tino heke te mana hoko, ā, ka piki ake te koretake o te ōhanga. He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga i te pikinga utu nui, mā te kaupapa here pūtea, mā te kaupapa here moni rānei.
4. Te Pikinga Kore-Whakahaeretia, te Pikinga Nui rānei
Ko te pikinga utu nui rawa atu he momo pikinga utu nui rawa atu, e piki ake ana ngā utu neke atu i te 50% ia marama. Ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga te whakangaro i te ōhanga o tētahi whenua nā te mea ka tere te ngaro o te uara o te moni, ka kore e whai hua ngā penapena a te tangata, ā, ka uaua hoki ngā whakawhitiwhitinga ōhanga. He maha ngā wā ka puta te pikinga utu nui i te koretake o te tōrangapū, te kaupapa here moni ngoikore, te hinganga ohorere rānei o te ōhanga. Ko tētahi tauira ko te pikinga utu nui i puta i Zimbabwe i te mutunga o te tau 2000.
5. Te whakahekenga o te utu
Ahakoa he rerekē te whakahekenga utu i te pikinga utu, ko te mārama ki te pikinga utu me mārama anō hoki ki te mea whakamutunga. Ko te whakahekenga utu e tohu ana i te hekenga whānui o te taumata utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga. Ka puta pea tēnei āhuatanga nā te hekenga o te tono whānui, te pikinga o te mana hoko o tētahi moni, te nui rawa rānei o ngā taonga. Ahakoa he pai te ahua o te whakahekenga utu i te tirohanga tuatahi nā te iti o ngā utu, ka taea e ia te tohu i ngā raruraru ōhanga nui pēnei i te hokinga whakamuri, te pikinga o te kore mahi, me te puhoi o te tipu ōhanga.
6. Te Whakapūmautanga
He āhuatanga ōhanga uaua te pikinga utu ā-tau, e noho tahi ana te pikinga utu nui me te kore mahi, engari ka noho pūmau te tipu ōhanga. He uaua tēnei āhuatanga mō ngā kaihanga kaupapa here nā te mea kāore te pikinga utu nui me te kore mahi e noho tahi. Ko ngā kaupapa here e aro ana ki te whakatika i tētahi o ēnei raruraru ka whakanui ake i tētahi. I puta tētahi tauira rongonui o te pikinga utu ā-tau i ngā tau 1970, i te wā i piki ake ai ngā utu pūngao nā te raruraru hinu, ka whakaroa i te tipu ōhanga o te ao.
7. Te Pikinga o te Tono-Toia
Ka puta te pikinga utu e kukume ana i te tono ina tere ake te pikinga o te tono katoa i roto i te ōhanga i te kaha o te ōhanga ki te whakaputa taonga me ngā ratonga. Ka puta pinepine tēnei āhuatanga ina tere te tipu o te ōhanga, he iti te kore mahi, ā, he pikinga ake ngā whiwhinga moni a ngā kaihoko. Nā tēnei pikinga kore taurite o te tono ka piki ake ngā utu a ngā kaihanga.
8. Te Pikinga Utu-Pana
Ka puta te pikinga utu-pana i te wā e piki ake ai te utu o te whakaputa taonga me ngā ratonga, ka meinga ngā kaihanga ki te whakapiki i ngā utu kia mau tonu ai ngā tawhē hua. Ka puta pea te pikinga o ngā utu whakaputa mai i ngā pūtake maha, pērā i te pikinga o ngā utu rauemi mata, ngā utu mahi, ngā utu pūngao rānei. Ko tētahi tauira ko te pikinga o ngā utu hinu o te ao, ka piki ake ngā utu whakaputa me te kawe waka, ka piki ake ai ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga.
9. Te Whakaputanga Tuwhera
Ka puta te pikinga tuwhera ina piki ake ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga i runga i te huarahi e mārama ana ki ngā kaihoko. Ko tēnei momo pikinga, e inehia ana e te taupū utu kaihoko (CPI), koinei te momo pikinga tino mōhiotia nā te mea ka pā tika ki ngā hiahia o ia rā.
10. Te Pikinga Huna
He rerekē te pikinga utu huna i te mea e huna ana ngā utu e piki haere ana i roto i te hekenga o te kounga o ngā taonga, o ngā ratonga rānei, kaua i roto i ngā pikinga utu tika. Tērā pea ka pupuri tonu ngā kaihanga i ngā utu pumau engari ka whakaitihia te rahi o ngā hua, ka whakaitihia rānei te kounga o ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana, ko te tikanga he iti ake te moni ka riro i ngā kaihoko.
Te Pānga o te Pikinga Utu
Ka pā nui te pikinga utu ki te ōhanga. Mā te pānga pai o te pikinga utu ngāwari, ā, ka taea te whakaoho i te tipu ōhanga mā te whakapiki ake i te hoko me te haumi. Heoi, mā te pikinga utu nui ka taea te whakaiti i te mana hoko, te whakaiti i ngā penapena a te iwi, me te waihanga i te koretake o te ōhanga.
Ki ngā kāwanatanga me ngā peeke pokapū, he mea nui te whakahaere i te pikinga utu o ngā utu i roto i ngā kaupapa here ōhanga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā peeke pokapū ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā reiti huamoni me ngā mahi mākete tuwhera hei whakahaere i te tuku moni me te whakahaere i te pikinga utu. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te whakamahi i te kaupapa here pūtea hei awe i te tono whānui mā roto i ngā whakapaunga a te iwi me ngā taake.
Whakamutunga
He taahiraa nui te mārama ki ngā momo pikinga utu i roto i te tātari ōhanga me te whakatakoto kaupapa here. Ina whakahaerea paitia te pikinga utu, ka taea e te ōhanga te tipu pumau me te pumau. Heoi, ki te kore e taea te whakahaere i te pikinga utu, ka taea e ia te whakararuraru nui i te ōhanga. Mō te marea, mā te mōhiotanga mō te pikinga utu ka āwhina i a rātou ki te whakatau kaupapa pūtea whakaaro nui, pērā i te haumi, te penapena, me te whakapau moni. Ko te whakahaere angitu i te pikinga utu me whai kaupapa here ōhanga arotau me te aroturuki tupato i ngā whanaketanga ōhanga o te ao me te motu.
