Te Whakamahinga o te Hōtaka Hihiri i roto i te Whakamahere
I roto i ngā momo mara - mai i te pakihi me te ahumahi ki ngā mahi whakahaere me te hangarau - ko te whakamahere te kaupapa matua o te whakatau. I roto i ia mahere, he maha ngā herenga rauemi, ngā whāinga motuhake, ngā mōrearea, me te raupapa o ngā whakatau e pā ana ki tētahi ki tētahi i roto i te wā. Koinei te wāhi e tino whai hua ai te hōtaka hihiri (DP). Ko te hōtaka hihiri he tikanga rorohiko hei whakaoti rapanga uaua mā te wehewehe i a rātou ki ngā raruraru iti ake, ka whakaotihia kotahi, kātahi ka rongoa i ngā hua hei karo i te tatau anō. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamahinga o te hōtaka hihiri i roto i te whakamahere, ōna painga, me ngā tauira o ōna tono o te ao tūturu.
Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Hōtaka Hihiri
He pai te hōtaka hihiri mō ngā raruraru e rua ngā āhuatanga matua: te hanganga iti tino pai me ngā raruraru iti taupatupatu. Ko te tikanga o te hanganga iti tino pai ko te otinga tino pai ki tētahi raruraru ka taea te hanga mai i ngā otinga tino pai ki ōna raruraru iti. Ko te tikanga o ngā raruraru iti taupatupatu ko te puta mai o te raruraru iti kotahi i ngā wā maha i te wā o te tatau.
I roto i te horopaki whakamahere, he mea noa tēnei. Hei tauira, ina whakamahere tētahi kamupene i te whakaputanga o ia marama, ka pāngia ngā whakataunga i mahia i roto i te marama kotahi ki te taonga me te kaha o te marama e whai ake nei. He maha ngā horopaki whakamahere ka taea te tiro hei raupapa o ngā wāhanga, ia wāhanga me ōna āhua me ngā whakataunga. Mā te hōtaka hihiri ka whakaratohia he huarahi pūnaha hei tūhura i ēnei kōwhiringa me te whiriwhiri i te huarahi pai rawa atu o te ao.
He aha te hiranga o te hōtaka hihiri mō te whakamahere?
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia te whakamahere e ngā wero e whai ake nei:
1. Ngā whakataunga tāpiripiri: ka mahia ngā whakataunga i roto i ngā wā maha (ngā rā, ngā wiki, ngā marama).
2. Ngā rauemi iti: te tahua, te kaimahi, te kaha o te mīhini, ngā rauemi mata.
3. Ngā whāinga tino pai: whakaitihia ngā utu, whakanuia ngā hua, whakaitihia te wā, he huinga rānei o ētahi paearu.
4. Te koretake me ngā āhuatanga: ka piki haere te tono, ka rerekē ngā utu, ka puta ngā mōrearea o te whakaroa.
He tino pai te DP nā te mea ka taea e ia te tatau i ngā otinga tino pai me te whakaaro anō hoki ki ngā hua o te heke mai. He rerekē ki te huarahi "apo", e whakatau ana i te whakatau pai rawa atu i tēnei wā tonu me te kore e whakaaro ki tōna pānga, ka whakaarohia e te DP te pae whakamahere katoa i roto i te huarahi hanganga.
Hanganga Whānui o te DP i roto i te Whakamahere
I roto i ngā raruraru whakamahere maha, ka taea te whakatakoto i te DP me ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
– Wāhanga (t): te wā, te taahiraa whakatau rānei.
– Āhua(ngā āhua): te āhua o te pūnaha i tētahi wā (hei tauira, te taumata o te taonga, te kaha e toe ana, te tūnga o te waka).
– Whakatau (a): ngā mahi ka taea te mahi mai i taua āhua (e hia ngā waeine hei whakaputa, ko tēhea ara hei tuku).
– Whakawhiti: te āhua o te panonitanga o te kāwanatanga i muri i te whakataunga.
– Te mahi uara: ngā utu, ngā painga rānei o te whakatau, me te uara tino pai mō te wāhanga e whai ake nei.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka arotauhia e DP ngā mahi:
\[
V_t(s) = \min_a \big( utu(s,a) + V_{t+1}(s') \big)
\]
mēnā rānei kei te whakanui ake i ngā hua:
\[
V_t(s) = \max_a \big( utu(s,a) + V_{t+1}(s') \big)
\]
Mā tēnei huarahi ka āwhina i te hanga mahere e ōrite ana, e taea te ine, ā, e whakamātauria ana hoki e te pāngarau.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga i roto i te Whakamahere
1. Te Whakamahere Hanga me te Taonga
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tino rongonui o te DP ko te whakamahere whakaputa wā-maha. Me whakatau e ngā kamupene te nui o te hua hei whakaputa i ia wā hei whakatutuki i te tono, me te whakataurite i ngā utu whakaputa, ngā utu pupuri, me ngā utu kore rawa o te taonga. Ko te āhua ka taea te whakamahi i te taumata taonga o nāianei, ko te whakatau ko te rahinga whakaputa. Mā te DP ka taea e ngā kamupene te tatau i te utu iti rawa hei whakatutuki i te tono whainga puta noa i ngā wā maha.
Ko te painga matua o te DP i konei ko tōna kaha ki te whakaaro ko te whakaputanga nui o ēnei rā ka piki ake pea ngā utu whare putunga, engari ka whakaiti pea i ngā utu whakatū whakaputa a meake nei.
2. Te Tohatoha Tahua me te Pūkete Kaupapa
I roto i te whakamahere rautaki, he maha ngā wā ka wehewehea e ngā whakahaere ngā tahua puta noa i ngā kaupapa maha (hei tauira, te R&D, te hokohoko, te whakawhānui). He "uara" tō ia kaupapa, ā, he utu hoki. He rite tēnei ki te raruraru putea rongonui. Ka taea te whakamahi i te DP hei whiriwhiri i te huinga o ngā kaupapa e whakanui ana i te uara katoa me te kore e hipa i te tahua.
Ina he maha ngā wāhanga pūtea o tētahi kaupapa (hei tauira, te whakamātautau, te whakatinanatanga, te whakawhānui), ka kaha ake te DP nā te mea ka uru atu pea ngā whakataunga kua whakaritea: mēnā ka haere tonu te kaupapa, ka whakamutua rānei i muri i te aromatawai.
3. Te Whakaritenga me te Whakamahinga Rauemi
I roto i ngā wheketere, i ngā hōhipera, i ngā kamupene ratonga rānei, me whakarite ngā wā mahi i ngā tāngata me ngā mīhini hei whakapai ake i te kaha. Ka taea te whakamahi i te DP hei whakaiti i ngā wā tatari, hei whakanui rānei i te whakamahinga, inā koa he herenga pēnei i ngā hāora mahi, ngā kaupapa matua o te mahi, me ngā hononga i waenga i ngā mahi.
Ina koa i ngā raruraru whakaritenga he hanganga auau (hei tauira, ngā huringa o ia rā), ka taea e te DP te āwhina ki te whakatairite i ngā kaupapa rerekē maha me te whai hua.
4. Te Whakamahere Huarahi me te Whakahaere Rautaki
Ko ngā mahi whakahaere waka e pā ana ki te huarahi, te tuku waka, me ngā whakataunga whakamahi waka. Ka taea te whakamahi i te DP mō te whakamahere huarahi i ētahi wā, pērā i te wā me toro atu ngā waka ki ngā wāhi motuhake me te utu iti. I ētahi tauine, ka whakamahia hoki te DP i roto i ngā momo raruraru kaihoko haereere (TSP) me ngā ara poto rawa me ngā āhua motuhake (hei tauira, he huinga iti o ngā wāhi kua torohia).
I roto i ngā mahi whakahaere ratonga o ēnei rā, ka honoa te DP me ētahi atu tikanga whakahaere me ngā arotautanga kia taea ai te whakahaere i ngā tauine nui.
5. Te Whakamahere Pūtea Whaiaro me te Pakihi
He mea nui anō hoki te DP i roto i te whakamahere pūtea, hei tauira, te whakatau i tētahi rautaki haumi ā-wāhanga, te whakatau i ngā penapena me te whakapau moni, te whakahaere rānei i te moni a te kamupene hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o te korenga o te moni. Mā te āhua o ngā rawa, moni rānei e wātea ana, me ngā whakataunga mō te tohatoha pūtea, ka taea e te DP te aromatawai tonu i ngā rautaki mō te wā roa.
Ngā Painga me ngā Here
Ngā painga o te hōtaka hihiri i roto i te whakamahere:
– Ka whakarato i ngā otinga tino pai (kaua ko ngā otinga "pai noa") mēnā he tika te tauira.
– He pai mō ngā whakataunga maha-wāhanga e awe ana tetahi i tetahi.
– Āta karohia ngā tataunga tāruarua mā te whakamaumahara, mā ngā ripanga DP rānei.
– Ka taea te whakamārama i ngā taupatupatu: ngā utu o nāianei me ngā painga ā muri ake nei.
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Ka pāngia te DP e te "pahūtanga ā-āhua-mokowā" ina he maha rawa ngā āhua.
– Me mārama te whakatakoto tauira: te whakamāramatanga o ngā āhua, ngā whakataunga, ngā utu, me ngā whakawhiti.
– Mō ngā raruraru tauine ahumahi, he taumaha rawa te DP parakore i ētahi wā, nō reira me whakamahi i tētahi huarahi whakakotahi (DP tata, heuristics, ētahi atu tikanga arotau rānei).
Te Hōtaka Hihiri Hou: Te Ako DP me te Whakakaha Tata
I roto i tētahi ao uaua ake, kāore pea e whai hua te DP tuku iho (e tatau ana i ngā āhua katoa). Nō reira, kua whakawhanakehia ngā huarahi hōtaka hihiri tata, e whakatau tata ana i ngā uara tino pai mā te whakamahi i ngā mahi tata. Ko tēnei ariā hoki te tūāpapa o ngā tikanga ako whakapakari (RL), e ako ai ngā kaihoko ki te whakatau whakatau tino pai mā te wheako.
Mō ngā whakamahere e tino pōhēhē ana (hei tauira, te tono pōhēhē, ngā āhuatanga rānei o te waka), mā te whakakotahitanga o te DP me te whakatauira me te ako mīhini ka taea te whakarato i ngā otinga urutau ake.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu kaha te hōtaka hihiri mō te whakamahere rapanga nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakahaere pūnaha i ngā whakataunga uaua, maha-taahiraa. Mā te whakamahi i te hanganga iti tino pai me ngā rapanga iti taupatupatu, ka taea e te DP te whakaputa mahere tino pai mō te whakaputa, te whakahaere, te whakaritenga, te tohatoha tahua, tae noa ki te whakamahere pūtea. Ahakoa he herenga kei ngā tauine nui, ko ngā huarahi hou pēnei i te DP tata me tōna whakaurunga ki ētahi atu tikanga e whai tikanga ana, e piki haere ana hoki te hiranga i roto i te ao raraunga me te rorohiko o ēnei rā.
Mā te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua o te DP me te whakatauira i ngā raruraru whakamahere hei raupapa o ngā āhua me ngā whakataunga, ka taea e ngā whakahaere me ngā tāngata takitahi te whakapai ake i te kounga o ā rātou whakataunga: he pai ake te whai hua, he ine ake, he whai kiko ake hoki.
