Te Whakamahinga o te Arotautanga Tau i roto i te Whakamahere Whakaputa
Ko te whakamahere whakaputa he mahi matua i roto i te whakahaere mahi, e whakatau ana i ngā mea hei whakaputa, te nui hei whakaputa, te wā hei whakaputa, me te pehea e tohatoha ai ngā rauemi hei whakatutuki i te tono mākete me te whai hua. I roto i te mahi, he onge te "haere tonu" o ngā whakataunga whakaputa, te wehewehe mutunga kore rānei. He maha ngā whakataunga he motuhake: me tauoti te maha o ngā mīhini e whakahohehia ana, me tauoti te maha o ngā kaimahi kua whakaritea, kāore e taea te haurua i ngā rahi o ngā puranga whakaputa, ā, he maha ngā wā ka herea ngā kōwhiringa tere whakaputa e te iti rawa o te kaha. Koinei te wāhi e tino whai tikanga ai te arotautanga tauoti. Mā te arotautanga tauoti, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakatauira pono i ngā whakataunga motuhake me te whakaputa i ngā mahere whakaputa ka taea te whakahaere i te mara.
He aha te Arotautanga Tauoti?
Ko te arotautanga tauoti he peka o te arotautanga pāngarau e herea ana ētahi, ngā taurangi whakatau katoa rānei kia tauoti. Mena me tauoti katoa ngā taurangi, ka kiia te raruraru ko te Papatonotanga Tauoti (IP). Mena ko ētahi taurangi anake me tauoti, ko ētahi he tonu, ka kiia ko te Papatonotanga Tauoti Whakaranu (MIP). I roto i te horopaki o te whakamahere whakaputa, ko te MIP te mea e whakamahia ana, nā te mea ko ētahi whakataunga, pēnei i te maha o ngā waeine whakaputa, me tauoti, ko ētahi atu whakataunga, pēnei i te maha o ngā hāora tāpiri, ka taea te whakaaro he tonu i roto i tētahi awhe.
Ko ngā tauira arotau tauoti e toru ngā wāhanga matua: (1) he mahi whāinga, hei tauira, te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa me ngā utu rawa katoa, te whakanui rānei i ngā hua; (2) ngā taurangi whakatau, hei tauira, te maha o ngā waeine i hangaia mō ia wā, te mana whakaweto/whakakā o te mīhini, ngā whakatau hoko rauemi mata rānei; me (3) ngā here, hei tauira, te kaha o te mīhini, te kaimahi, te wātea o ngā rauemi mata, ngā taumata tono, ngā here rawa, me ētahi atu ture whakahaere.
He aha i hiahiatia ai ngā taurangi tauoti mō te whakamahere whakaputa?
I roto i te maha o ngā kamupene hanga, kāore e taea te whakatau i roto i ngā hautau. Hei tauira, ki te whakaputa te kamupene i roto i ngā puranga, me tauoti te rahi o te puranga. Tērā pea ka mahi noa tētahi mīhini mēnā kei te tino hiko, me whai taurangi rua (0–1) hei tohu i te āhua o te "mīhini kei te wātea" me te "mīhini kua mate". Pērā anō hoki mō ngā whakataunga tatūnga: ina huri te raina whakaputa mai i te hua A ki te hua B, ko ngā utu tatūnga me te wā tatūnga ka puta noa mēnā ka puta te whakaputanga o taua hua i taua wā. Mā ngā taurangi rua, ka taea e te tauira te hopu i te āhua "i puta te tatūnga, kāore rānei".
Hei tāpiri atu, mā te arotautanga tauoti ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakauru tika ake i ngā ture pakihi uaua. Hei tauira, ko ngā rahinga whakaputa iti rawa hei pupuri i te pumau o te kounga, ko ngā aukati i te whakaputa i ngā hua motuhake e rua i runga i te mīhini kotahi i roto i te huringa kotahi, ko te herenga rānei ki te whakatutuki i ngā kirimana kiritaki matua. He uaua ki te whakaatu tika i ēnei momo ture i roto i te arotautanga tonu raina parakore.
Ngā Momo Whakataunga Whakaputa e Pai ana mō te Whakatauira me te Arotautanga Tauoti
E whakamahia ana te arotautanga tauoti i ngā taumata whakamahere rerekē, mai i te rautaki ki te whakahaere. Ko ētahi tauira o ōna tono ko:
1. Te whakamahere whānui
Whakatauhia te rahinga whakaputa katoa mō ia wā, ngā taumata rawa, me ngā whakaritenga mahi, me te whakaaro ki te tono ā-wā. Ka taea e ngā taurangi tauoti te tohu i te maha o ngā kaimahi i utua/i tukuna, i te maha rānei o ngā huringa tuwhera.
2. Te rahi o ngā rota me te whakamahere whakaputa wā maha
Ka whakatau i te nui o ia hua ka whakaputaina i ia wā hei whakatutuki i te hiahia me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa, whakatū, me te rokiroki. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he taurangi rua hei tohu mēnā ka whakaputaina he hua i roto i tētahi wā kua whakaritea (e whakahohe ana i ngā utu whakatū).
3. Te whakarite mīhini
Te whakatau i te raupapa whakaputa me te tohatoha mahi ki ngā mīhini hei whakaiti i te roanga o te wā hanga, ngā whakaroa, ngā utu rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e tēnei tauira he taurangi rua hei whakatau mēnā kua oti te mahi i i mua i te mahi j.
4. Kōwhiringa āheinga me te haumitanga
Mō ngā whakataunga pēnei i te hoko mīhini hou, te tāpiri i tētahi raina whakaputa, te whakatuwhera rānei i tētahi atu whare, he motuhake, he nui hoki te uara o ēnei whakataunga, nō reira he pai rawa ngā taurangi rua/tauoti.
5. Te whakamahere rauemi me ngā wāhanga (MRP me te arotautanga)
I roto i ngā ahumahi he uaua ngā BOM (ngā pire rauemi), ka āwhina te arotautanga tauoti ki te whakatau i te wā me te maha o ngā wāhanga hei whakaputa, hei tono rānei, me te karo i te korenga o ngā rauemi me te whakaiti i ngā utu rarangi taonga.
Tauira o tētahi Hanganga Tauira Māmā
Hei whakamārama ake, whakaarohia he kamupene e whakaputa ana i ngā hua e rua: P1 me P2. E hiahia ana te kamupene ki te whakaiti i ngā utu katoa, arā, ngā utu whakaputa, ngā utu whakatū, me ngā utu pupuri taonga, mō ngā wā e toru. Ko ngā taurangi whakatau matua ko: ngā rahinga o P1 me P2 i hangaia mō ia wā (ngā tauoti), te taonga whakamutunga mō ia wā (ngā tauoti), me te taurangi rua e tohu ana mēnā ka hangaia a P1, P2 rānei i taua wā (hei whakaoho i ngā utu whakatū). Ko ngā herenga ko: te toenga taonga (whakaputa + taonga tīmatanga – te tono = taonga whakamutunga), te kaha o te hāora mīhini mō ia wā, me te herenga whakaputa iti rawa mēnā ka whakahaerehia he hua.
I roto i te ariā, ka āwhina tēnei tauira ki te whakautu i tētahi pātai whakahaere noa: he pai ake te whakaputa i mua i te wā kia kore ai e whakatūria anō, ahakoa ka piki ake ngā utu pupuri? He rerekē rānei, kia whakaputa i runga i te tono mō ia wā kia iti ai ngā taonga, ahakoa ka piki ake ngā utu whakatū? Mā te arotautanga tauoti ka kitea te huinga pai rawa atu i runga i ngā raraunga utu me te kaha e wātea ana.
Ngā Hua o te Arotau Tauoti mō te Ahumahi
Ko te painga matua o te arotautanga tauoti ko tōna kaha ki te whakaputa i ngā otinga ka taea te mahi me te pono. Ko ngā otinga mai i ngā tauira tonu e kī ana i ētahi wā ko te whakaputa i ngā "12,7 puranga" "0,3 mīhini rānei," he mea kāore e taea te mahi. Mēnā he here tauoti, ka taea tonu te whakahaere i te mahere whakaputa ka puta.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te arotautanga tauoti ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakahaere i ngā tātaritanga horopaki hanganga me te arotautanga. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā kamupene te tirotiro i te pānga o ngā huringa o te tono, te pikinga o ngā utu pūngao, ngā whakaroa o ngā rauemi mata, ngā nekehanga tāpiri rānei. Nā te mea he pāngarau, he mārama hoki te tauira, ka taea te whakauru i ngā huringa o ngā whakaaro me te whakaputa tere i ngā otinga hou, ka whakatairanga i te whakatau whakatau e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga.
I roto i te horopaki ahumahi whakataetae, ka āwhina hoki te arotautanga tauoti ki te whakaiti i ngā utu katoa me te whakapai ake i ngā taumata ratonga kiritaki. Mā te whakamahere whakaputa tika ake, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakaiti i te nui o ngā taonga, te whakaiti i ngā mahi tāpiri kore e tika ana, te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi o te mīhini, me te whakaiti i ngā whakaroa tuku.
Ngā Wero Whakatinanatanga o te Ao Tūturu
Ahakoa tōna kaha, he wero anō hoki kei te arotau i ngā tauoti. Tuatahi, ka tino uaua, ka roa hoki te wā e pau ana ki te tātai i ngā raruraru MIP, inā koa mēnā he nui ngā hua, ngā wā, ngā mīhini, me ngā herenga. Tuarua, he nui te whakawhirinaki o te kounga o te otinga ki te kounga o ngā raraunga: ka taea e ngā utu whakatūnga hē, ngā kaha mīhini kāore i te tūturu, ngā raraunga tono hē rānei te hua ake he mahere uaua ki te whakatinana. Tuatoru, ko ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga whakaputa i te mara—pērā i te pakaru o ngā mīhini, i ngā whakaroa rauemi rānei—me tere te whakarerekē i te mahere tuatahi.
Hei whakatika i tēnei, ka whakamahia e ngā kamupene he huarahi ā-wāhanga: ka tīmata ki tētahi tauira māmā, ka whakamanahia ngā hua me te tīma whakaputa, kātahi ka whakanui ake i te uaua o te tauira i te pakeketanga o ngā raraunga me ngā tukanga. He maha hoki ngā whakahaere e whakatinana ana i tētahi rohe wā mō te kaiwhakaoti, e āhei ai ki te whakatutuki i tētahi otinga "pai" i roto i tētahi wā e whakaaetia ana, kaua e tatari mō tētahi otinga tino pai.
Whakaurunga Pūmanawa me te Pūnaha
Mai i te tirohanga hangarau, ka tautokona te arotautanga tauoti e ngā momo whakaoti rapanga pēnei i a Gurobi, CPLEX, me CBC, ā, ka taea te whakatauira mā te whakamahi i ngā reo whakatauira pēnei i a Python (PuLP, Pyomo), AMPL, GAMS rānei. I roto i ngā whakatinanatanga ahumahi, ka whakauruhia ngā tauira ki ngā pūnaha ERP me MES hei rere aunoa i ngā raraunga rauemi mata, te wātaka, me ngā putanga whakaputa. He mea nui tēnei whakaurunga kia nui ake ai te arotautanga i te kaupapa tātari noa iho, engari hei wāhanga hoki o te tukanga whakamahere o ia rā.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu whai hua te arotautanga tauoti i roto i te whakamahere whakaputa nā te mea ka taea te whakatauira i ngā whakataunga motuhake e puta ana i roto i te wheketere: ngā whakatakotoranga, ngā puranga, ngā kaimahi, ngā āhua mīhini, me ngā ture whakahaere rerekē. Mā te whakawhanake i ngā mahi whāinga me ngā here e whakaata ana i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakaputa i ngā mahere whakaputa he whai hua, he pono, he ngāwari hoki ki te whakatinana. Ahakoa he wero kei roto i te rorohiko me te kounga raraunga, ka taea e te whakatinanatanga ā-wāhanga me te whakauru te whakaputa i ngā painga nui: he iti ake ngā utu, he pai ake te whakahaere i ngā taonga, me te pai ake o te ratonga kiritaki. Hei whakamutunga, ka āwhina te arotautanga tauoti ki te huri i te whakamahere whakaputa mai i te whakaaro noa ki ngā whakataunga ine, e ahu mai ana i te tauira.
