Te Whakamahinga o te Ariā Rārangi i roto i ngā Pūnaha Ratonga Ahumahi
I roto i ngā momo rāngai ahumahi—mai i te hanga me te kawe waka ki ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te ratonga i muri i te hoko—he āhuatanga tata kore e taea te karo i ngā rarangi. Ka puta ake ngā rarangi ina tere ake te taenga mai o ngā tono ratonga (taenga mai o ngā kiritaki, ngā ota, ngā tono whakatika, ngā waea taumai) ina kore rānei e taurite ki te kaha ratonga e wātea ana. Ki te kore e whakahaerea, ka roa pea ngā wā tatari i roto i ngā rarangi, ka piki ake ngā utu whakahaere, ka heke te hua, ā, ka mutu, ka heke te pai o te kiritaki. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi ai te ariā rarangi hei huarahi pūtaiao ki te tātari, ki te matapae, me te arotau i te mahi a ngā pūnaha ratonga ahumahi.
Te Mārama ki te Ariā o te Rārangi me te Hiranga
Ko te ariā rarangi he peka o te rangahau mahi e ako ana i ngā tukanga taenga mai, te hanganga rarangi, ngā tikanga ratonga, me te whanonga kiritaki i roto i ngā pūnaha ratonga. Ko tana whāinga he kimi i te taurite pai i waenga i ngā pānga e rua e taupatupatu ana: te whakaiti i te wā tatari kiritaki me te whakaiti i te utu o te whakarato i te kaha ratonga.
I roto i te horopaki ahumahi, ehara i te mea ko te raruraru o te kiritaki anake te take o te wā tatari. Tērā pea:
– Kāore ngā mīhini, ngā kaiwhakahaere rānei e mahi ana i te mahi nā te tatari mō ngā rauemi.
– E tatari ana ngā taraka mō ngā utanga i roto i te whare putunga, nō reira ka piki ake te utu reti me te utu wahie.
– Ka puranga ngā hua i te teihana mahi kotahi (te mahi-i-roto-i-te-tukatuka/WIP) ā, ka whakaroa i te whakaputanga.
– Ka whakaroahia ngā amuamu a ngā kiritaki, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te ngaronga o ngā kiritaki.
Mā te ariā rarangi, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakatau i runga i ngā raraunga : e hia ngā tūmau (ngā āpiha, ngā mīhini, ngā kaute), he aha ngā ture matua, me te wā hei whakanui ake i te kaha.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Pūnaha Rārangi
Ko ngā pūnaha rarangi e whakaahuatia ana i roto i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
1. Te tukanga taenga mai
E whakaahua ana i ngā tauira taenga mai o te kiritaki, o te mahi rānei. I roto i ngā mahi ahumahi, ka taea te tūpono noa ngā taenga mai (hei tauira, ngā waea taumai ki tētahi pokapū waea), te wā (te pikinga ake o ngā ota i te wā whakatairanga), te wā kua whakaritea rānei (te taenga mai o ngā taraka i runga i ngā pukapuka).
2. Te kaha me te tikanga ratonga
I whakatauhia e te maha o ngā tūmau, te tere o te ratonga, me ngā rerekētanga o te wā ratonga. Ko ngā tauira o ngā tūmau ko: ngā kaiwhakahaere QC, ngā mīhini tākai, ngā kaiutuutu, me ngā tohunga tiaki.
3. Te whakahaere i te rārangi
Ko ngā ture tuatahi-ki-roto-tuatahi-ki-waho, pērā i te FIFO (tuatahi-ki-roto-tuatahi-ki-waho), te LIFO, te kaupapa matua (hei tauira, ngā kiritaki VIP, ngā mahi whāwhā rānei), ngā pūnaha rarangi e hangai ana ki ngā whakaritenga.
4. Te kaha o te rarangi
Ka taea te mutunga kore o te rārangi (hei tauira, te rārangi tīkiti ipurangi) me te iti rānei (he whaiti te rūma tatari, he iti te arai whakaputa).
5. Ngā pūtake kiritaki (te taupori waea)
Ka taea te mutunga kore (he mākete nui) te iti rānei (he maha o ngā mīhini ka rahua i roto i tētahi wheketere).
Mā te mārama ki ēnei wāhanga e rima, ka taea e ngā tīma whakahaere te mahere i ngā āhuatanga tūturu ki ngā tauira pāngarau e tika ana .
Ngā Tauira Ariā Rārangi e Whakamahia Ana i roto i te Ahumahi
He maha ngā tauira rarangi e tohuhia ana i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga pēnei i te M/M/1, M/M/c, me ētahi atu. Ko te reta "M" e tohu ana ko ngā taenga mai, ko ngā ratonga rānei e whai ana i te tohatoha Markovian (e kiia ana he Poisson mō ngā taenga mai, he taupūnga mō ngā wā ratonga). Ko te tau "1" "c" rānei e tohu ana i te maha o ngā tūmau.
– M/M/1: kotahi te tūmau, te taenga matapōkere, te wā ratonga matapōkere. He pai mō te kaute ratonga kotahi, mō te mīhini nui kotahi rānei.
– M/M/c: he maha ngā tūmau whakarara (hei tauira, he maha ngā kaiutuutu, he maha ngā kaiwhakahaere).
– M/G/1: ngā taenga mai matapōkere, engari ka whai ngā wā ratonga i tētahi tohatoha whānui (he pono ake mō ngā tukanga taurangi).
– G/G/c: he mea noa ngā taenga mai me ngā ratonga; he maha ngā wā ka tātarihia mā te whakatauira nā te mea he uaua te whakamahi i te tātai kati.
I ngā tono tūturu, ka tīmata ngā kamupene me tētahi tauira māmā (hei tauira, M/M/c) hei tiki i tētahi pikitia tuatahi, kātahi ka tautokona ki ngā raraunga tūturu, ki ngā raraunga whakatauira rānei.
Ngā Tohu Mahi (Ngā Ine Mahi) i Tātarihia
Mā te ariā rarangi ka āwhina i te tatau me te matapae i ngā tohu pēnei i:
– Te Whakamahinga (ρ): taumata mahi tūmau. Mēnā he nui rawa te whakamahinga (tata ki te 100%), ka nui haere ngā rarangi.
– Te roa toharite o te rarangi (Lq): te maha o ngā mahi e tatari ana.
– Te roa o te wā tatari toharite (Wq): te roa o te tatari a ngā kiritaki/ngā mahi i mua i te ratonga.
– Te wā toharite i roto i te pūnaha (W): te tatari + te mahi.
– Te tere o te ngaronga: ka wehe atu ngā kiritaki nā te mea he roa rawa te rārangi, he kī tonu rānei te pūnaha (ka whakarērea/ka whakakāhore).
He mea nui ēnei tohu mō te whakatū i ngā whakaaetanga taumata ratonga (SLA), te aromatawai i ngā whakaritenga kaha, me te ine i ngā pānga o ngā whakapainga tukanga.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga i roto i ngā Pūnaha Ratonga Ahumahi
1) Te Pokapū Waea me te Ratonga Kaihoko
He maha ngā wā ka rerekē ngā wā taenga mai o ngā pokapū waea: i ngā wā pīki, i ngā wiki mutunga, i ngā wā rānei e whakararuraru ana i ngā ratonga. Mā te whakamahi i te ariā rarangi, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatau i te maha pai o ngā kaihoko mō ia huringa. Mena he iti rawa ngā kaihoko, ka piki ake te Wq, ā, ka mutu te waea a ngā kaihoko; ki te maha rawa, ka piki haere ngā utu mahi. Ko te tauira M/M/c, ko ngā tauira matatau ake rānei (me ngā reiti whakarērea) ka whakamahia pinepinetia hei arotau i te whakaritenga kaihoko.
2) Whare Putunga me te Ratonga Whakahaere (Tauranga Utaina–Tangohia)
I te whare putunga, ka tae mai ngā taraka ki te uta, ki te tango rānei i ngā uta. Mēnā he iti te maha o ngā tauranga, ā, he rerekē ngā wā tango uta, ka roa te tū o ngā taraka, ka piki ake ngā utu mō te hekenga. Mā te ariā tū o ngā tauranga ka āwhina i te hoahoa i te maha o ngā tauranga, i ngā wā taenga mai e hangai ana ki ngā whakaritenga, i ngā kaupapa here matua rānei (hei tauira, ko ngā rauemi mata e hiahiatia ana kia tere te whakarite kia matua). Kei roto hoki i te whakatinanatanga te whakatū i ngā wāhi ārai hei ārai i te noho puku i roto i te wāhi mahi.
3) Raina Te Hanganga
I roto i te mahi whakaputa, he maha ngā wā ka puta he rārangi mahi i waenga i ngā teihana mahi. Hei tauira, he puhoi ake te tukanga peita i te huihuinga, ka puta te kohikohinga o te WIP i mua i te peita. Mā te whakamahi i te ariā rārangi mahi, ka taea e ngā tīma te tautuhi i ngā arai, te whakatau mēnā me tāpiri ngā mīhini, me whakarerekē ngā tahora, me wehewehe rānei i te mahi kia taurite ake ai ngā wā ratonga. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai te ariā rārangi mahi. te hanganga raupatu ā, ka kaha ake te mana whakahaere WIP.
4) Te Tiaki me te Whakatikatika Mīhini
I roto i tētahi wheketere, ka taea e ngā tono whakatika (ngā ota mahi) te tae mai i ngā wā katoa, engari he iti noa ngā tohunga hangarau. Ina puranga te rārangi ota mahi, ka piki ake te wā whakatā o te mīhini. Mā te whakamahi i te ariā rārangi, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakatau i te maha pai o ngā tohunga hangarau, te whakatau i ngā kaupapa here matua (hei tauira, ka whakatauria ngā mīhini nui ki te matua), me ngā rautaki tiaki ārai hei whakaiti i te tere o ngā "pakaru ohorere".
Rautaki Arotau e Hangai ana ki te Ariā Tūtira
1. Whakanuia te kaha ratonga (tūmau)
Te tāpiri i ngā kaute, ngā kaihoko, ngā mīhini, ngā huringa mahi rānei. Heoi anō, me tatau te pānga ki ngā utu.
2. Whakanuia te utu ratonga
Mā te whakangungu, te whakataurite i te mahi, te aunoatanga, te tere ake o ngā taputapu, te whakapai ake rānei i te rere o ngā tukanga.
3. Whakarite i ngā taenga mai (whakahaere taenga mai)
Ngā pūnaha whakarite wā, ngā pukapuka mokowā, ngā whakatairanga rānei e horapa ana te tono kia kore ai e puranga i ētahi wā.
4. Hurihia te tikanga o te rarangi
Hei tauira, te whakamahi i te kaupapa matua ki ngā mahi tino nui, te tere ake i ngā tono māmā, te whakarōpū rānei i ngā kaimahi i runga i te tēpu āwhina.
5. Whakatinanahia te kaha o te arai me te rarangi e tika ana
I te wā whakaputa, mā te whakatau i te rahi pai o te arai ka ārai i te hemokai i te teihana e whai ake nei, me te pupuri tonu i te WIP kia kaua e nui rawa.
He maha ngā wā ko te otinga pai ko te huinga o ngā rautaki o runga ake nei—kaua ko te tāpiri noa i te tangata, i te mīhini rānei.
Te Tūranga o ngā Raraunga me te Whakatauira
Ko ngā tauira ariā rarangi e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā raraunga: ngā tauira taenga mai, ngā tohatoha wā ratonga, ngā taumata rerekētanga, me ngā whanonga kiritaki. He maha ngā pūnaha ahumahi kāore e tino tutuki i ngā whakaaro ngāwari pēnei i te Poisson, te taupūnga rānei. Nō reira, ko ngā kamupene hou e whakakotahi ana i te ariā rarangi me:
– Te tātari raraunga hītori (raupapa wā me te tohatoha ā-wheako),
– Te whakatauira kaupapa-motuhake,
– Te arotau i te whakaritenga o ngā kaimahi,
– me ngā ariā Lean me Six Sigma hei whakaiti i te rerekētanga o ngā tukanga.
Mā tēnei huinga ka tika ake, ka taea hoki te whakatinana i ngā whakataunga.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu nui te ariā rarangi i roto i te whakahaere mahi ahumahi hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te taenga mai, te kaha, me ngā wā ratonga e hanga ana i ngā rarangi. Mā tōna whakamahinga ka āwhina i ngā kamupene ki te whakataurite i ngā utu me te kounga ratonga, te whakaiti i ngā wā tatari, te whakaiti i ngā aukati tukanga, me te whakanui ake i te hua. Mai i ngā pokapū waea ki ngā raina whakaputa me ngā mahi whakahaere, ka whakaratohia e te ariā rarangi he anga tātari kaha mō te tautuhi i ngā aukati me te hoahoa i ngā otinga tika. Mā te tautokona e ngā raraunga pakari me ngā whakatauira ina hiahiatia, ka taea e te ariā rarangi te noho hei turanga mō ngā whakataunga whakahaere whai hua ake, inehia, me te makona o te kiritaki.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarite i tēnei tuhinga kia hangarau ake (me ngā tātai katoa M/M/1 me M/M/c) ka taea rānei te waihanga i tētahi rangahau take tau mō tētahi ahumahi motuhake.
