Tikanga Tātari Tairongo i roto i te Whakamahere Whakaputa
Ko te whakamahere whakaputa ko te tukanga whakatau i ngā mea hei whakaputa, te nui hei whakaputa, te wā hei whakaputa, me ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i te hiahia o te mākete me ngā utu me ngā mōrearea e whakahaeretia ana. I roto i te mahi, tata tonu te tūtaki o te whakamahere whakaputa ki ngā mea kāore i te tino mārama: te tono e piki haere ana, te utu rauemi mata e piki haere ana, te kaha mīhini kāore i te pumau, me ngā herenga kaimahi. Nō reira, me whai taputapu tātari ngā kamupene hei whakamātautau i te kaha o te mahere whakaputa ki ngā huringa o ōna whakaaro. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai te tātari aro.
Ko te tātari aro he tikanga hei aromatawai i te pānga o ngā huringa o ngā taurangi matua ki te putanga o tētahi whakatau. I roto i te horopaki o te whakamahere whakaputa, ko ngā putanga ka taea te whakauru i ngā utu katoa, ngā hua, te whakamahinga o te kaha, ngā taumata ratonga, ngā taonga whakamutunga, ngā wā arahi rānei. Mā te mārama ki ngā taurangi e tino pā ana ki ngā putanga, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere whakaputa te whakarite i ngā mana whakahaere, te whakawhanake i ngā horopaki whakaiti, me te whiriwhiri i ngā mahere pakari ake.
He aha te hiranga o te tātari aro ki te whakaputanga?
He maha ngā take he mea nui te tātari aro ki te whakamahere whakaputa:
1. Te whakatau i te koretake o te tono: He hapa tonu ngā matapae. Mā te tātari aro ka kitea te pānga o te huringa tono ±10–30% ki te kaha, te wā mahi, me ngā whakaritenga taonga.
2. Te whakahaere i ngā utu: Ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā wāhanga utu pēnei i ngā rauemi mata, te pūngao, me ngā mahi whakahaere. Mā te aro nui ka taea te tautuhi i ngā wāhanga utu e tino pā ana ki ngā hua.
3. Aromatawai i te mōrearea o te kaha: Ka pā te motuhanga o ngā mīhini, te tiaki, te wātea rānei o ngā kaimahi ki te putanga. Mā te aro nui ka taea te aromatawai i te pānga o te whakaiti i te kaha ki te whakatutuki i ngā ota.
4. Tautoko i ngā whakataunga haumi: Mena he tino pāngia ngā hua e te kaha, e te hua rānei, he kaha te tautohe mō te haumi ki ngā mīhini hou, ki ngā whakapainga tukanga, ki ngā kaupapa whakapainga kounga rānei.
5. Te whakangāwari i ngā kaupapa matua whakahaere: Kāore e hiahiatia kia aro turukihia ngā taurangi katoa me te kaha ōrite; me aro tonu ki ngā taurangi tino whai mana.
Ngā Taurangi Matua i roto i te Whakamahere Whakaputa
I mua i te whiriwhiri i tētahi tikanga, he mea nui kia tautuhia ngā taurangi e whakamatautauria whānuitia ana te aro:
– Te hiahia mō ia hua/mō ia wā
– Te utu hoko me te tawhē takoha
– Ngā utu me te wātea o ngā rauemi mata
– Te wā tukatuka (te wā huringa), te wā tatūnga, me te whakawhiti
– Te tere hua/te tere hapa
– Te kaha o te mīhini me te kaimahi (ngā hāora e wātea ana, te whai huatanga)
– Ngā utu pupuri taonga me ngā utu kore taonga/tono whakamuri
– Te roa o te wā e arahi ai te kaiwhakarato me ōna rerekētanga
– Ngā herenga o te whare putunga, ngā puranga iti rawa, me ngā kaupapa here rahi rota
Ka taea te whakauru i ēnei taurangi ki ngā tauira whakamahere pēnei i te Papatonotanga Raina (LP), te Papatonotanga Raina Tauoti Whakaranu (MILP), te MRP, ngā tauira whakaritenga arorau rānei.
Ngā Tikanga Tātari Tairongo e Whakamahia Ana
1. Tātaritanga Arotahi Kotahi-Ara (Tātaritanga Taurangi Kotahi)
Ko te tikanga māmā rawa ko te whakarerekē i tētahi taurangi i ia wā (hei tauira, te whakanui ake i te tono mā te 10%, 20%, 30 rānei%) me te pupuri tonu i ētahi atu taurangi. Kātahi, tatauhia te pānga ki te putanga, pērā i te tapeke o ngā utu, te hua rānei.
Te taikaha:
– He māmā ki te mahi, ki te mārama hoki.
– Tere ki te tautuhi i ngā taurangi matua.
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Te kore aro ki ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā taurangi (hei tauira, te pikinga o te tono me te pikinga o ngā utu o ngā rauemi mata).
– Tērā pea he hē mena kei roto i te ao tūturu te huringa i te wā kotahi.
Hei tauira, he kamupene e whakamātautau ana i te āhua o te rerekētanga o ngā utu tāpiritanga mēnā ka piki ake te tono ā-marama mā te 15% ki te whakataurite ki te take taketake. Mēnā ka piki ake te mahi tāpiritanga, ka whakaarohia pea e te whakahaere te tāpiri i ngā huringa mahi, te tuku atu rānei i ngā kaimahi ki waho.
2. Tātaritanga Aromatawai Maha-Ara (Tātaritanga Taurangi Maha)
Ka whakarerekētia e tēnei tātaritanga ngā taurangi e rua, neke atu rānei, i te wā kotahi. Hei tauira, ka whakamātautau pea tētahi kamupene i tētahi horopaki ka piki ake te tono mā te 20% me ngā utu rauemi mata mā te 10% i te wā kotahi.
Te taikaha:
– He pono ake nā te mea ka whai whakaarohia ngā huringa i te wā kotahi.
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Ka tere te tipu o te maha o ngā huinga, me te whakarite kia āta whakamaheretia ngā horopaki.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te aro nui ki ngā huarahi maha i roto i ngā hui S&OP (Whakamahere Hoko me te Whakahaere) hei aromatawai tahi i ngā pānga o ngā whakataunga arumoni me ngā whakataunga whakahaere.
3. Tātaritanga o te horopaki
Mā te tātari horopaki ka hangaia he maha ngā āhuatanga ā muri ake nei e ōrite ana, hei tauira:
– He horopaki tino pai: he nui te tono, he pumau ngā utu, he maeneene te kaha.
– He horopaki taurite: he tono noa, he pikinga paku o ngā utu.
– He āhuatanga whakapouri: ka heke te tono, ka nui te utu o ngā rauemi mata, ka roa te wā e kore ai e mahi ngā mīhini.
He rerekē tēnei i te aro nui ki ngā huarahi maha, he huinga pāngarau noa iho i ētahi wā, ko ngā horopaki e whakaata ana i tētahi kōrero pakihi e tika ana. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ko tēhea te mahere e tino urutau ana.
Te taikaha:
– He ngāwari te kōrero ki ngā kaiwhakahaere.
– Te whakatairanga i te rite mō te whakaiti i ngā āwangawanga (mahere āwhati).
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Kei te kounga o te hoahoa o te horopaki; ki te kore e tino whakaatu te horopaki i te āhua, kāore e tino whai hua ngā hua.
4. Kauwhata Āwhiowhio (Te Whakatauranga Taurangi Tino Whai Mana)
He whakaaturanga o ngā hua arotau kotahi-ara mō ngā taurangi maha te kauwhata awhiowhio. Kua whakaritea ngā taurangi mai i te pānga nui ki te pānga iti ki te putanga (hei tauira, te hua). Mā tēnei kauwhata ka āwhina i te whakautu i te pātai: ko ēhea ngā āhuatanga tino nui?
Te taikaha:
– He tino whai hua mō te whakahaere i ngā kaupapa matua.
– E tautoko ana i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga kōrero maha-mahi.
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Kei runga tonu i ngā panonitanga o tētahi taurangi; kāore e hopu i ngā taunekeneke uaua.
I roto i te ahumahi, e whakaatu pinepine ana ngā hoahoa awhiowhio ko te hua, te tono, te utu rauemi mata rānei ngā tino take o te hua.
5. Tātari Ā-Mehemea i roto i te Tauira LP/MILP (Tae atu ki te Utu Atarangi)
Mena ka hangaia te whakamahere whakaputa hei arotakenga (LP/MILP), ka taea te whakahaere i te tātari arotautanga kia whai mana ake. I roto i te LP, e wātea ana ngā ariā e whai ake nei:
– Utu atarangi (uara takirua): e whakaatu ana i te nui o te pikinga o te uara whāinga (hei tauira, te hua) mēnā ka whakangawaritia he herenga mā te kotahi waeine (hei tauira, he tāpiritanga mō te 1 hāora o te kaha mīhini).
– Te utu kua whakaitihia: e whakaatu ana i te "utu nui" o te whakauru i tētahi taurangi whakatau kāore anō kia tīpakohia i te wā tika.
– Te whānuitanga o te tino pai/te whaihua: te whānuitanga o ngā huringa o ngā tauwehenga whāinga, te RHS rānei o ngā here kia kore ai e rerekē te otinga tino pai.
Te taikaha:
– Ka whakarato i ngā māramatanga tauanga kaha ki te uara o te kaha, o ngā rauemi mata, o te mahi rānei.
– He tino whai hua mō ngā whakataunga rautaki (wā tāpiri, mahi kirimana, whakamahi mīhini rerekē).
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Ko te whakamaoritanga tino ma i roto i te LP; i roto i te MILP (he taurangi tauoti), ka uaua ake te aro ki te pānga nā te mea ka taea e te otinga te huri motuhake.
Hei tauira, ko te utu atarangi teitei i runga i te here "ngā hāora mīhini CNC" ko te tikanga he tino uara ngā hāora CNC tāpiri; ka ārahi pea tēnei i ngā whakatau ki te tāpiri i ngā huringa mahi, ki te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi, ki te haumi rānei ki ngā mīhini.
6. Te Whakatauira Monte Carlo (Te Whakatauira Kore-Pōhēhē)
He rerekē ki ngā horopaki motuhake, ka whakatauira a Monte Carlo i ngā mano tini o ngā āpōpō pea mā te whakauru i ngā tohatoha tūponotanga mō ngā taurangi pēnei i te tono, te wā arahi, te hua, ngā utu rauemi mata rānei. Ko te putanga he tohatoha utu/hua, ehara i te tau kotahi.
Te taikaha:
– Te hopu i te koretake me ngā taunekeneke taurangi i runga i te āhua tūturu.
– Ka whakarato i ngā inenga mōrearea pēnei i te tūponotanga o te korenga o ngā taonga, te VaR (Uara kei te Mōrearea), te tūponotanga rānei o te hua i raro i te ūnga.
Te Whakatakotoranga:
– Me whai raraunga hītori hei hanga tohatoha.
– Me whai rorohiko me te whakatauira uaua ake.
I roto i te whakamahere whakaputa, ka honoa pinepinetia a Monte Carlo me ngā kaupapa here haumaru hei tatau i ngā mōrearea ratonga kiritaki.
Ngā Mahi Whai Hua hei Whakahaere i tētahi Tātaritanga Tairongo
Kia tino āwhina ai te tātaritanga aro ki ngā whakataunga, me whai tikanga pūnaha te tukanga:
1. Tautuhia te whāinga ine: hei tauira, te whakaiti i te utu, te whakanui i te hua, te taumata ratonga whainga rānei.
2. Hangaia he tauira tūāpapa: he mahere whakaputa tuatahi me ngā whakaaro kua whakaaetia (te matapae tono, te kaha, ngā utu).
3. Tīpakohia ngā taurangi matua: whakawhāitihia ki te arotahi—ko te nuinga o te wā ko te 5–10 ngā taurangi tino whaitake.
4. Whakatauhia te whānuitanga o te huringa: i runga i te piki me te heke o te uara o mua, i ngā rohe tūturu rānei (hei tauira, te tono ±20%, te hua e heke iho ana i te 2–5 ngā tohu).
5. Whakahaerehia te tātaritanga, ka tuhia ngā putanga: ngā utu, ngā hua, ngā mahi tāpiri, ngā taonga, ngā ota kua whakaroa.
6. Tāutuhia ngā wāhi matua (ngā wāhi taurite): ina kore e taea te whakatutuki i te mahere, ina kino rānei ngā hua.
7. Whakaritea ngā taunakitanga whakaitiiti: ngā kaiwhakarato rerekē, ngā taonga haumaru, te tuku kirimana, te ngāwari o ngā kaimahi, te tiaki ārai.
8. Whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō ngā hua: whakamahia ngā kauwhata (ngā hoahoa awhiowhio, ngā ānau utu me ngā ānau tono) kia māmā ai te mārama.
Tauira o te Whakamārama i ngā Hua mō ngā Whakataunga Whakahaere
Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana ngā hua o te tūtohi awhiowhio ko te hua te mea tino pāngia e te hua o te tukanga. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, mā te pikinga iti o ngā hapa ka taea te whakaiti i te putanga hoko me te whakapiki i ngā utu mahi anō. Ka taea e te whakahaere te whakarite i ngā kaupapa kounga teitei (Six Sigma, SPC), te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga whakahaere paerewa (SOP), te whakarei ake rānei i te whakangungu kaiwhakahaere.
Mena ka whakaatuhia e ngā hua LP he utu atarangi teitei i te kaha whakatārewatanga, ka taea e te kamupene te arotake i ngā kōwhiringa: te tāpiritanga wā, te haumi mīhini, te tohatoha anō rānei i ngā utu whakaputa ki ētahi atu raina. Mena ko te aro nui rawa atu i ahu mai i ngā wā arahi a te kaiwhakarato, ko ngā rautaki whakaitiiti ka uru atu ki te rapu rauemi takirua, ngā kirimana wā roa, te whakanui ake rānei i ngā rawa ārai mō ngā wāhanga nui.
Whakamutunga
Mā ngā tikanga tātari aro ki te whakamahere whakaputa ka āwhina i ngā kamupene ki te mārama ki te pānga o ngā panonitanga o ngā whakaaro ki ngā utu, ngā hua, te kaha, me te kaha ki te whakatutuki i te tono. Mai i te tātari aro kotahi-ara māmā ki te tātari horopaki whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ki ngā huarahi arotau (te utu atarangi) me ngā whakatauira Monte Carlo e hangai ana ki te mōrearea, ka tukuna katoatia he tirohanga rerekē hei whakapakari i te kounga whakatau. Mā te whakamahi i te tātari aro ki te aro me te āta whakaaro, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakawhanake i ngā mahere whakaputa ehara i te mea tino pai i runga i te pepa engari he kaha ake hoki ki ngā hihiri o te mākete me te koretake o te mahi.
