Te Aratohu Ira mō te Arotau i ngā Tukanga Hanga
I waenganui i te whakataetae ahumahi e kaha haere ana, me whakaputa e ngā kamupene hanga he hua kounga teitei i te utu iti me te wā whakaputa poto. Ko te wero ko te nuinga o ngā tukanga hanga he maha ngā taurangi e hono tahi ana: te whiriwhiri i ngā tawhā mīhini, te whakaritenga whakaputa, te whakahaere rere rauemi, me ngā rautaki tiaki. I te piki haere o te uauatanga, he uaua ki ngā tikanga arotau tikanga te kimi i te otinga pai rawa atu i roto i te wā tūturu. Koinei te wāhi e tukuna ai e ngā rauropi ira (GA) he huarahi kaha - te whai i ngā tikanga o te whanaketanga koiora hei kimi i ngā otinga tino pai, tata rānei ki te tino pai mō ngā raruraru uaua.
He aha te Aratohu Ira?
Ko te rauropi ira he tikanga arotau i runga i te taupori i ahu mai i te ariā o te kōwhiringa taiao. I roto i te GA, ka whakaatuhia ngā otinga kaitono hei "takitahi" i roto i te taupori. He "ira" (ngā tawhā whakatau) kei ia tangata e hanga ana i te "ira-ira" (he whakaaturanga o te otinga). I roto i ngā whakahoutanga (ngā whakatipuranga), ko ngā tāngata tino pai (ko te hunga he uara whāinga pai rawa atu) ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka tīpakohia hei whakaputa uri mā roto i ngā tikanga o te kōwhiringa, te whakawhiti, me te whakarerekētanga.
Ko tētahi āhuatanga matua o te GA ko tōna kaha ki te tūhura i tētahi wāhi otinga nui me te kore e hiahiatia he mōhiohio piki me te heke, pērā i ngā tikanga arotau pāngarau tawhito. Nō reira, he pai ngā GA mō ngā tukanga hangahanga, he maha ngā wā kāore i te raina, he motuhake, he maha ngā herenga, ā, i ētahi wā ka uru atu ngā mahi whāinga he uaua ki te whakatauira tātari.
He aha te hiranga o te GA mō te hangahanga?
Kāore i te tino māmā te arotau i roto i te mahi whakanao pērā i te "whakaiti i tētahi taurangi". He maha ngā whāinga taupatupatu, hei tauira:
– Whakaitihia ngā utu whakaputa me te pupuri tonu i te kounga.
– Whakanuia te kaha whakaputa engari whakawhāitihia te whakamahinga o te pūngao.
– Whakaitihia te wā arahi engari me karo tonu i ngā aukati me ngā whakaroa.
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā tukanga hanga e ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu pēnei i ngā rerekētanga o ngā rauemi mata, te koretake o te tono, te pakaru o ngā mīhini, me ngā herenga rauemi. He tino whai hua te GA nā te mea:
1. Ngāwari: ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā momo mahi whāinga me ngā herenga maha.
2. Ngā wāhi otinga pakari ki ngā wāhi uaua: ka taea te tūhura i ngā otinga ā-ao, kaua ko ngā mea tino pai o te rohe anake.
3. He māmā te whakakotahi me te whakatauira: hei tauira, te whakatauira pūnaha whakaputa hei aromatawai i te mahi a te whirihoranga tukanga.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Aratohu Ira
Kia taea ai te whakamahi i te GA ki te arotautanga hangahanga, me tautuhi ētahi wāhanga:
1. Te Whakaaturanga o te Ira Tangata
Ka taea e ngā ira-ira te:
– Pūrua (0/1) mō ngā whakatau āe/kāo (hei tauira, te whiriwhiri i te mīhini A, B rānei).
– Tauoti mō te whakaritenga mahi, te raupapatanga rānei.
– Te uara tūturu mō ngā tawhā tukanga (tere o te miro, tere whāngai, pāmahana, pēhanga).
– Ngā whakarerekētanga mō ngā raupapa whakaputa, ngā huarahi whakahaere ā-roto rānei.
He mea tino nui te whiriwhiri i te whakaaturanga tika nā te mea ka pā ki te whai huatanga o te whakawhiti me te whakarerekētanga.
2. Mahi Hauora
Mā te mahi whakapakari tinana ka whakatau te pai o tētahi otinga. I roto i te ahumahi, ka taea e te whakapakari tinana te whakakotahi i ētahi tohu:
– Ngā utu whakaputa katoa
– Te wā huringa
– Te tere o te hapa
– Te whakapaunga pūngao
– Te wā e kore ai e mahi te mīhini, te pono rānei
Mō ngā take maha-whāinga, ka taea te whakatakoto i te oranga tinana hei tapeke taumaha, mā te whakamahi rānei i tētahi huarahi GA maha-whāinga pērā i te NSGA-II e whakaputa ana i tētahi huinga o ngā otinga Pareto.
3. Kōwhiringa
Mā te kōwhiringa ka whiriwhiria ngā tāngata pai rawa atu hei "mātua". Ngā tikanga kōwhiringa rongonui:
– Kōwhiringa wira roulette (i runga i te ōritetanga o te hauora)
– Kōwhiringa whakataetae
– Kōwhiringa tūnga
I roto i te horopaki ahumahi, mā te kōwhiringa kaha rawa ka tere te huihuinga o te taupori, engari ka tūpono ka mauheretia i roto i ngā otinga ā-rohe. Nō reira, he mea nui te taurite i waenga i te whakamahi kino me te tūhuratanga.
4. Whakawhiti me te Whakarerekētanga
– Ka whakakotahi te whakawhiti i ngā otinga e rua hei whakaputa i tētahi otinga hou. Hei tauira, ka whakakotahi i ngā wātaka whakaputa e rua hei whakaputa i tētahi wātaka kua ahu mai.
– Ka puta he panoni iti matapōkere ki ngā ira e ngā whakarerekētanga ira hei pupuri i te kanorau o te taupori.
I roto i te arotautanga o ngā tawhā tukanga, ko te tikanga o te whakarerekētanga ko te whakanui ake, te whakaiti rānei i te uara pāmahana mā ētahi nekehanga, te whakarerekē rānei i te tere o te mīhini i roto i tētahi awhe.
5. Paearu Whakamutu
Ka taea te whakamutu i te GA ina:
– te maha o ngā whakatipuranga i tae atu,
– te pikinga tonu o te hauora tinana,
– kua tutuki rānei te whāinga mahi i te paerewa.
Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga GA i roto i te Arotautanga Tukanga Hanga
1. Te Whakaritenga Whakaputa (Te Whakaritenga Mahi)
He raruraru hanga tawhito te whakaritenga whakaputa, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna uauatanga. Ko te whāinga pea he whakaiti i te roanga o te wā e oti ai ngā mahi, he whakaiti i ngā whakaroa, he taurite rānei i te kawenga o te mīhini.
He tino pai ngā GA nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakahaere i ngā whakarerekētanga o ngā raupapa mahi me ngā herenga rerekē. Mā te whakaaturanga ira-ira e hangai ana ki te whakarerekētanga, ka taea e ngā GA te tūhura i ngā raupapa whakaputa rerekē hei kimi i ngā wātaka me te roanga hanga iti ake i ngā mahi ngāwari pēnei i te Tuatahi Haere Mai, Tuatahi Mahi.
2. Te Arotautanga Tawhā Mīhini (CNC me te Mīhini)
I roto i ngā tukanga miihini, ka pāngia te wā tukatuka, te kounga o te mata, me te kakahu o te taputapu e ngā tawhā pēnei i te tere whāngai, te tere tapahi, me te hohonu o te tapahi. Ka kitea e GA he huinga o ngā tawhā e:
– te whakanui ake i te tere whakaputa,
– whakaiti i te taratara o te mata,
– ka whakaroa i te ora o te whao.
Ko tētahi o ngā kaha o te GA ko tōna kaha ki te arotau i ngā tawhā me ngā mahi whāinga i ahu mai i ngā whakamātautau, i ngā tauira wheako rānei.
3. Tahora o te Wheketere me te Rere o ngā Rauemi
Ka pā te tahora mīhini me ngā tautuhinga ara rauemi ki te tawhiti haere, te wā kawe, me te mōrearea aukati. Ka taea te whakamahi i te GA ki:
– tīpakohia te tūranga o te miihini,
– te whakarite i te raupapa o ngā teihana mahi,
– te arotau i ngā huarahi AGV (Waka Arataki Aunoa).
Mā tēnei, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere rauemi me te tere ake i te rere o te mahi whakaputa.
4. Te Arotau i te Mana Kounga me ngā Tawhā Tukanga
I roto i ngā tukanga pēnei i te whakakoi werohanga, te whakamahana, te paninga rānei, ka pā tika ngā tawhā tukanga ki te kounga. Ka taea te whakauru i te GA ki ngā pūnaha aroturuki hei kimi i ngā whirihoranga e whakaiti ana i ngā reiti hapa me te kore e whakaiti i te hua.
5. Te Tiaki Matapae me te Pono
Ka taea hoki e te GA te āwhina ki te whakatau i ngā rautaki tiaki tino pai: te wā e hiahiatia ana te tirotiro i ngā mīhini, te wā e tika ana kia whakakapia ngā wāhanga, me pēhea te whakarite i te tiaki hei whakaiti i te wā kore mahi. Ina honoa ki ngā raraunga pūoko me ngā tauira pono, ka taea e te GA te whakataurite i ngā utu tiaki me ngā mōrearea rahunga.
Ngā Painga me ngā Here o te GA
Keunggulan
– Kāore e hiahiatia he tauira pāngarau matatini; he pai mō ngā pūnaha kore-rārangi me ngā pūnaha motumotu.
– Ka taea te whakahaere i ngā here maha-whāinga me ngā here maha.
– He māmā te whakauru atu ki ngā raraunga whakatauira, ki ngā raraunga māhanga matihiko, ki ngā raraunga whakamātautau rānei.
Ngā Here
– Ka nui te utu mō te tatau mēnā he uaua ngā whakatauira e hiahiatia ana mō te aromatawai i te oranga tinana.
– Kāore e kī taurangi i te tino pai o te ao, ahakoa he maha ngā wā ka puta he otinga tino pai.
– He tairongo ki ngā tawhā pēnei i te rahi o te taupori, te tūponotanga whakawhiti, me te whakarerekētanga ira.
Hei whakakore i ēnei herenga, ka honoa ngā GA me ētahi atu tikanga pēnei i te rapu ā-rohe (te whakapai ake i te otinga i muri i te kitenga o te GA i tētahi kaitono pai), te whakatauira Monte Carlo, ngā rauropi kahui rānei.
Ngā Rautaki Whakatinanatanga GA Whai Hua i roto i te Ahumahi
Kia puta ai ngā hua tūturu mai i te whakatinanatanga o te GA, he maha ngā mahi whai hua ka taea te mahi:
1. Tautuhia te whāinga kia mārama, hei tauira, te whakaiti i te roanga o te hanga mā te 10%, te whakaiti rānei i te auau hapa mā te 2%.
2. Whakamahia ngā raraunga tukanga pono: ngā tawhā mīhini, te wā whakamutu mahi o mua, te kounga o te hua.
3. Tīmata ki tētahi tauira māmā, kātahi ka whakanuia te uauatanga i a koe e mārama ana ki te pūnaha.
4. Whakauru atu ki te whakatauira hei aromatawai i ngā otinga me te kore e whakararuraru i te whakaputanga tūturu.
5. Whakahaerehia te manatoko mara: me whakamātautau te otinga rorohiko pai rawa atu i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakaputa tūturu.
Te Katinga
He huarahi arotau tino nui ngā rauropi ira mō ngā tukanga hanga hou. Mā te kaha ki te tūhura i tētahi wāhi otinga whānui me te whakahaere i ngā here maha me ngā whāinga maha, ka āwhina ngā GA i ngā kamupene ki te kimi i ngā huinga whai hua ake o ngā tawhā, ngā wātaka, me ngā whirihoranga hanga. Ahakoa he herenga ō rātou, ko tā rātou tono tika—ina koa ka honoa ki ngā whakatauira me ngā raraunga ahumahi—ka hua ake he pikinga hua nui, he whakahekenga utu, me te whakapainga kounga. Hei whakamutunga, ehara ngā rauropi ira i te ariā rorohiko noa iho, engari he taputapu rautaki hei akiaki i te huringa o te hanga ki ngā pūnaha urutau, atamai, me te whakataetae.
