He tuhinga mō te Ture Tiaki Pūngao
Ngā momo pūngao
I roto i ō tātou oranga o ia rā, he maha ngā momo pūngao. I roto i te kaupapa o te mahi me te pūngao, kua whakamōhiotia tātou ki ngā momo pūngao miihini e rua: te pūngao pūmanawa me te pūngao nekeneke . He maha ngā momo o te pūngao pūmanawa, tae atu ki te pūngao ā-papa, te pūngao rapa, me te pūngao hiko . E rua ngā momo o te pūngao nekeneke: te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti me te pūngao nekeneke hurihuri.
He kaha tō te kaha ā-papa i te māngo reka, pakari hoki, i a ia e iri ana i tōna kakau. Ka pērā anō te āhua ina kei te teitei koe i runga ake i te whenua, hei tauira, i runga i te tuanui. He kaha tō te kaha ā-papa kei te mea nā tōna tūranga e pā ana ki a Papatūānuku.
He pūngao pūmanawa ngāwari kei roto i te whitiki rapa kua totorohia o te pere. Ka taea e te pere te whakarewa i te kōhatu nā te pūngao pūmanawa ngāwari kei roto i te rapa kua totorohia. Waihoki, ka taea e te kopere e kumea ana e te kaikopere te pana i te pere nā te pūngao pūmanawa ngāwari kei roto i te kopere kua totorohia.
Haunga te pūngao pūmanawa me te pūngao nekeneke e mau ana i ngā mea nunui, e kitea pinepinetia ana i roto i te ao o ia rā, kei reira anō hoki ētahi atu momo pūngao. Kei reira te pūngao hiko, te pūngao karihi, te pūngao matū, me ētahi atu. Whai muri i te putanga mai o te ariā nekeneke, i kīia ko te pūngao i roto i ētahi atu momo (pūngao hiko, pūngao matū, me ētahi atu) he pūngao nekeneke, he pūngao pūmanawa rānei i te taumata ngota, i te taumata ngota rānei. Ko te pūngao matū e rongoatia ana i roto i te kai me te wahie e kiia ana he pūngao pūmanawa e rongoatia ana i roto i ngā ngota, nā runga i ngā kaha hiko i waenga i ngā ngota e hanga ana i ngā ngota (e mōhiotia ana ko ngā hononga matū). Ka taea hoki te whakaaro ko te pūngao hiko, te pūngao aukume, te pūngao karihi he pūngao nekeneke, he pūngao pūmanawa rānei i te tauine ngota.
Ngā huringa o te āhua o te pūngao
He mea nui kia mōhiotia ka taea e te pūngao te huri mai i tētahi āhua ki tētahi atu. I te taumata makoro, ka kitea e tātou he tini ngā tauira o ngā panonitanga pūngao. He pūngao kaha ā-papa kei te māngo e iri ana i tōna kakau. I te hinganga o te māngo ki te whenua, ka heke tōna pūngao kaha i tōna ara ki te whenua. I te tīmatanga o te hinganga, ka heke te pūngao kaha nā te mea ka heke te tawhiti poutū o te māngo mai i te whenua. Ka huri tēnei pūngao hei pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti nā te mea ka piki ake te tere o te māngo nā te whakaterenga ā-papa tonu. Ka taea e te pūngao kaha ā-papa e rongoatia ana i roto i te pere totoro te huri hei pūngao kaha ā-papa o te kōhatu ina tukuna te tō o te pere pere... he pūngao kaha ā-papa anō hoki kei te kopere piko.
Ka taea te huri i te pūngao pūmanawa tere i roto i te kopere piko ki te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti o te pere. I te taumata moroiti, ka kitea hoki e tātou ngā tauira o ngā huringa pūngao. Ina tahuri koe i te rama neon, ka hurihia te pūngao hiko ki te pūngao mārama i te wā kotahi. Ko tētahi atu tauira ko te huringa o te pūngao hiko ki te pūngao nekeneke hurihuri (he pā), me ētahi atu. Ko tēnei tukanga o te huri i te pūngao hiko ka puta mai i te huringa i waenga i te pūngao pūmanawa me te pūngao nekeneke i te taumata ngota, ngota rānei.
Ko ngā huringa o te āhua o te pūngao e uru ana ki te whakawhiti pūngao mai i tētahi mea ki tētahi atu.
Ko ngā panonitanga pūngao e pā ana ki te whakawhiti pūngao mai i tētahi mea ki tētahi atu. He pūngao pūmanawa ātete te kopere piko. Ina tōia te kopere, ka huri te pūngao pūmanawa ātete o te kopere ki te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti o te pere. I taua wā anō, ka whakawhitia te pūngao mai i te kopere ki te pere. Ina pana koe i tētahi motopaika kua tū, ka huri te pūngao pūmanawa matū i roto i tō tinana ki te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti o te motopaika. I taua wā anō, ka whakawhitia te pūngao mai i a koe ki te motopaika. He pūngao pūmanawa ātete tō te wai i te tihi o te tāpua. Ina taka te wai , ka huri tōna pūngao pūmanawa ātete tō ki tōna pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti. Kātahi ka peia e te wai e taka ana tētahi tāpine. Ina peia e te wai te tāpine, ka huri tōna pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti ki tōna pūngao nekeneke hurihuri. I taua wā anō, ka whakawhitia te pūngao mai i te wai ki te tāpine.
Ka oti tonu te mahi ina whakawhitia te pūngao.
I roto i ia tauira kua kōrerotia i mua ake nei , ka haere tahi te whakawhiti pūngao me te kaha. Ina neke te pūngao mai i te kopere ki te pere, ka mahi te kopere i te pere. Ina neke te pūngao mai i a koe ki te motopaika, ka mahi koe i te motopaika. Ina neke te pūngao mai i te wai ki te tāpine, ka mahi te wai i te tāpine. Ki te kore he mahi i mahia, e kore e taea e te pere te neke ina tukuna te kopere, e kore hoki e taea e te motopaika pakaru te neke ina panaia. He rite tonu te āhua mō te tāpine. Engari i roto i te ao tūturu, ka neke te pere, te motopaika pakaru, me te tāpine . Ka taea te whakatau ko te kaha (W) ka mahia tonutia ina neke te pūngao mai i tētahi mea ki tētahi atu.
Ahakoa e mōhio ana rātou ka huri tonu te āhua o te pūngao mai i tētahi mea ki tētahi atu, kāore anō kia taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te whakatau he pūngao tiakina . Kei te pōhēhē ngā kaipūtaiao i te noho o te wera. Ka puta tonu te wera nā te waku. Hei tauira, ka panaia e koe tētahi poraka kei runga i te papa. Ina panaia e koe te poraka, ka huri te pūngao pūmanawa matū i roto i tō tinana hei pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti o te poraka. I taua wā anō, ka whakawhitia te pūngao mai i a koe ki te poraka. Ina whakawhitia te pūngao mai i a koe ki te poraka, ka mahi koe i runga i te poraka (W = Fs). Ae, ka neke te poraka.
I muri i te nekehanga, ka mutu te poraka. Ka mutu te poraka nā te waku. Ki te wāhi e waku ana, ka wera. Whakamātauria te mirimiri i ō ringaringa. Ka mahana ō ringaringa , tika ? Ka pērā anō te mea ka pā ki te poraka. Ka mahana te mata o te papa me te turanga o te poraka nā te waku. Ka kiia hoki te waku he kaha whakamarara nā te mea ka whakaitihia, ka whakakorea rānei te pūngao miihini katoa (pūngao miihini = pūngao pūmanawa + pūngao nekeneke). I tēnei wā, ka whakakorea e te kaha waku te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti o te poraka. I ahu mai te pūngao nekeneke whakawhiti o te poraka i te pūngao pūmanawa matū.
Ngā Kaora
SI mua i te rautau tekau mā iwa, kāore he kaipūtaiao i mōhio He aha tēnā? wera ranei wera. I puta ake tētahi ariā ko te wera he momo matū motuhake (e kiia ana tēnei matū he caloric). Engari te aroaro o ngā matū kua whakaingoatia kāore e taea te whakamātau i te kaha o te karori tōna oranga. Mai i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1830, a James Joule (1818‐1889)) i whakahaere i tētahi whakamātautau, ā, i kitea ko he rite tonu te pūngao nekeneke e ngaro ana, me te mea neir e hua mai ana i.
Kāore te wera, kāore hoki te pūngao nekenekek he mea pumau motuhake. Ko te mea pumau tonu ko te tapeke o te pūngao nekeneke me te wera. I runga i ngā hua o āna whakamātautau, i whakarite a Joule i te whakawhiti wera Mai ngā mea werawera ke ngā mea pāmahana iti (ngā mea makariri). Ji whakatau a Oule mēnār kon pūngao eg e neke ana nā ngā rerekētanga pāmahana. Koinei te whakamāramatanga o te wera mai i te tirohanga whānui. Mai i te tirohanga mōkitokito, ka taea te whakamārama i te wera mā te whakamahi i te ariā nekeneke.
I roto i te kaupapa o te ariā nekeneke o ngā hau, i ako mātou ko te pāmahana o tētahi mea he ine i te pūngao nekeneke o ngā ngota e hanga ana i te mea. Ka teitei ake te pāmahana o tētahi mea, ka nui ake te pūngao nekeneke o ngā ngota e hanga ana i te mea. E pā ana te pūngao nekeneke ki te tere o te nekehanga. Ka nui ake te pūngao nekeneke (EK teitei ake) o ngā ngota, ka nui ake te tere o te nekehanga (v teitei ake) o ngā ngota. Mēnā ka pā atu tātou ki tētahi mea pāmahana teitei (mea wera) ki tētahi mea pāmahana iti (mea matao), ka rere aunoa te wera mai i te mea pāmahana teitei ki te mea pāmahana iti . Ina piki ake te pāmahana o tētahi mea, ka piki ake te pūngao nekeneke o ngā ngota e hanga ana i te mea (ka piki ake te tere o te nekehanga ngota). Ka taea te whakatau ko te wera te pūngao nekeneke o ngā ngota tere.
I muri i te mōhio ko te wera he pūngao e neke ana nā ngā rerekētanga pāmahana (te whakamāramatanga whānui) ko te wera rānei te pūngao nekeneke o ngā ngota tere e neke ana (te whakamāramatanga whānui), ka hangaia e ngā kaipūtaiao te ture tiaki pūngao:
Ka taea e te pūngao te huri mai i tētahi āhua ki tētahi atu, te neke mai i tētahi mea ki tētahi atu, engari kāore te pūngao katoa e heke, e piki rānei.
Ko ngā panonitanga o te āhua o te pūngao e pā ana ki te whakawhiti pūngao mai i tētahi mea ki tētahi atu. Ko ia whakawhiti pūngao ka haere tahi me te kaha, te mahi rānei. I runga i ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau me ngā tātaritanga a ngā kaipūtaiao, e mōhiotia ana ko te wera he pūngao e whakawhitia ana nā te rerekētanga o te pāmahana (te māramatanga whānui) ko te wera rānei ko te pūngao nekeneke o ngā ngota tere e neke ana (te māramatanga whānui). Ka taea e tātou te kī ko te mahi (W) me te wera (Q) e whai wāhi ana ki te whakawhiti pūngao. Ko te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics he ture e whakamārama ana i te whakawhiti pūngao e pā ana ki te wera me te mahi. Ehara te wera me te mahi i te momo pūngao , engari e whai wāhi ana ki te whakawhiti pūngao i waenga i ngā mea, i waenga i ngā mea me ngā mea ora, i waenga rānei i ngā mea ora.
I roto i te ture tuatahi o te thermodynamics, ka mōhiotia hoki e tātou tētahi rahinga hou: te pūngao ā-roto (U). Ko te pūngao ā-roto ko te pūngao nekeneke katoa o ngā ngota me te pūngao pūmanawa e puta mai ana i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota e hanga ana i tētahi ngota, i ngā taunekeneke rānei i waenga i ngā ngota e hanga ana i tētahi mea, i tētahi mea ora rānei. He ngota, he ngota rānei ngā mea katoa o ia mea. Nō reira, me whai pūngao ā-roto ia mea o te ao whānui. Ko ia tukanga whakawhiti pūngao e uru ana ki te wera me te mahi ka hua ake he huringa o te pūngao ā-roto.
