Te Whakarite Whenua i mua i te Whakatō Huawhenua
He taahiraa nui te whakarite whenua i mua i te whakatō, e whakatau ana i te angitu o te mahi ahuwhenua. Mā te whenua kua oti te whakarite tika ka tautoko i te tipu o ngā pakiaka, ka pupuri i te wai me te waatea o ngā matūkai, ka pehi i ngā taru me ngā pepeke, ā, ka kaha ake te ātete o ngā tipu ki ngā huringa o te rangi. He maha ngā kaimahi pāmu hou e whakatō ana me te kore e tika te whakarite, ahakoa ka taea e tēnei mahi tuatahi te penapena i ngā utu tiaki me te aukati i te iti o ngā hua. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā taahiraa mō te whakarite whenua i roto i te huarahi whai tikanga me te whai hua hei whakarite mō te whakatō, ahakoa mō ngā māra huawhenua, ngā hua kai, ngā kaupapa māra rānei.
1. Kia mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga o te whenua me ngā whāinga whakato
I mua i te keri, i te parau rānei, ko te mahi tuatahi ko te aromatawai i te āhua o te whenua. Kia mōhio ki te kakano o te oneone (onepu, uku, oneone rānei), te tae o te oneone, te taumata makuku, me te mea he ngāwari te whenua ki te waipuke, he tere rānei te maroke. Tāutuhia hoki te pari o te whenua, nā te mea ka pā tēnei ki te mōrearea o te horo. Hei tāpiri, whakatauhia ngā whāinga whakato: mehemea ka whakatipuria ngā hua ā-tau pēnei i te tiri, te tōmato, te kānga, te raihi whenua maroke, ngā hua ā-tau pēnei i te hua rākau. Ka rerekē pea ngā whakaritenga whakarite whenua mō ia momo tipu, inā koa te hohonutanga o te parau, te hanganga o te moenga, me ngā whakaritenga matū waro.
Ki te taea, whakahaerehia he whakamātautau oneone māmā. Ka taea te whakamātautau pH mā te whakamahi i te pepa litmus, i te mita pH oneone rānei. Ka tupu pai te nuinga o ngā tipu i te pH o te 5,5–7,0. Ka ārai te oneone waikawa rawa, te oneone kawakore rawa rānei i te mimiti o ngā matūkai. Mā te mōhio ki te pH, ka taea e koe te whakarite i te whakamahinga o te raima ahuwhenua (dolomite) me ētahi atu whakatikatika rānei.
2. Te whakawātea i te whenua i ngā taru me ngā toenga tipu
Ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakawātea whenua. Tangohia ngā taru, ngā rakau iti, me ngā toenga hua o mua. Ki te kore e tirotirohia, ka noho ngā taru hei whakataetae nui mā ngā tipu mō te wai, te mārama, me ngā matūkai. Hei tāpiri, ka noho pea ngā toenga tipu mate hei pūtake mate i te wā tipu e whai ake nei.
Ka taea te whakawātea ā-ringa (hutia, tapatapahia) mā te whakamahi rānei i ngā taputapu pēnei i te karaone me te machete. Mō ngā wāhi nui ake, ka taea te whakamahi i te mīhini tapahi tarutaru. Mō te huarahi pai ake mō te taiao, ka taea te kohikohi i ngā toenga tipu hauora me te whakapūkara. Me wehe ngā toenga tipu mate, ā, me whakangaro kia kore ai e horapa ngā mate.
3. Te whakatipu oneone: te parau me te wetewete
Kia oti te whakawātea i te whenua, me whakangaueue te oneone kia māhorahora ai te oneone o runga. Ko te whāinga o tēnei mahi ngaki he whakapai ake i te rere o te hau i roto i te oneone, he whakahaere i te urunga o ngā pakiaka, he whakanui ake hoki i te kaha o te oneone ki te pupuri wai. Mō te tauine iti, he rawaka te ngaki ki te hohonutanga o te 20–30 cm. Mō te tauine nui, he tikanga te parau mā te whakamahi i te tarakihana, i te parau rānei.
E rua ngā wāhanga o te ngaki oneone: ko te tuatahi he ngaki hei huri i te oneone, hei wawahi i ngā paparanga mārō, ā, ko te tuarua he ngaki hei wawahi i ngā puranga nunui hei hanga i tētahi hanganga oneone pai ake. Heoi, kaua e nui rawa te ngaki. Ko te oneone e ngakihia ana i ngā wā maha rawa ka ngawari ake te horo, inā koa i runga i te whenua pari. Nō reira, whakatikatikahia te kaha o te ngaki kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te oneone.
4. Whakapai ake i te hanganga o te oneone mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi rauropi
He mea nui te matū rauropi ki te whakahaere whenua pumau. Ka taea e te paru kua pakeke, te wairākau, te bokashi rānei te whakanui ake i te momona o te oneone, te whakapai ake i te hanganga o te oneone, me te whakarei ake i te mahi a ngā moroiti whai hua. Ko te oneone he nui ngā matū rauropi he ngawari ake, he iti ake te ngawari ki te whakakīkī, ā, he pai ake te pupuri i te wai.
Ka tāpirihia ngā mea rauropi i muri i te ngaki i te oneone, i te wā rānei o te ngaki tuarua. He pai ake te whakamahi i te whakawairakau kua pakeke (kaua e wera, kāore he haunga kaha) hei karo i te kino o ngā pakiaka, hei ārai hoki i te kawe haere o ngā purapura taru. Ko te horopeta ka whakawhirinaki ki te āhua o te oneone, engari ko te tikanga whānui, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā māra huawhenua te 1–3 kg o te wairākau mō ia mita tapawha, kātahi ka konatunatua kia ōrite ki roto i te oneone.
5. Te whakakōkī me te whakamomona taketake
Mena ka whakaatuhia e ngā kitenga, e ngā whakamātautau pH rānei he waikawa rawa te oneone, me whakamahi te raima dolomite, te raima ahuwhenua rānei hei whakakīkī. Ka āwhina te whakakīkī ki te whakapiki i te pH o te oneone, ka tāpirihia te konupūmā me te konupora, ā, ka whakaiti i te paitini konumohe i roto i ngā oneone waikawa. Me whakakīkī 1–2 wiki i mua i te whakatō kia pai ake ai te tauhohenga i roto i te oneone.
Hei tāpiri, whakamahia te whakamomona taketake. Ko ngā whakamomona taketake he mea hanga ki ngā whakamomona rauropi me/ranei ngā whakamomona kore-rauropi, i runga i ngā hiahia o te tipu, pērā i te NPK, SP-36, KCl rānei. Ka whakamahia ngā whakamomona taketake i mua i te whakatō, ā, ka konatunatua ki te oneone kia māmā ai te uru atu o ngā pakiaka mai i te tīmatanga o te tipu. Heoi, kia tūpato kei nui rawa te whakamomona, nā te mea ka wera rawa te oneone, ka kino hoki ngā tipu taitamariki.
6. Ngā whakaritenga waikeri me te whakamakuku
Mā te pai o te rerenga wai ka ārai i te waipuke, ka pirau ai ngā pakiaka, ka pā mai hoki ngā mate. I ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te waipuke, hangaia he awa rerenga wai huri noa, i waenganui rānei i ngā moenga whakato. Mō ngā hua māra pērā i te tiri, te tōmato, te aubergine, me ngā huawhenua rau, ka whakaarahia ake ngā moenga hei ārai i te wai kei pupū ake ki ngā pakiaka.
I tētahi atu taha, mō ngā wāhi e tere maroke ana, me whakatū he pūnaha whakamakuku e tika ana. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakamakuku ā-ringa, te whakamakuku i ngā ngongo wai, te whakamakuku maturuturu, te pūnaha awaawa iti rānei. Mā te whakahaere i te wai mai i te tīmatanga ka taea te whakato ōrite ake, ā, ka whakaiti i te ahotea o ngā tipu.
7. Te hanga moenga me te tawhiti whakatō
He puranga oneone roa te moenga whakateitei hei whakatō. Ko te kaupapa o te moenga whakateitei he whakapai ake i te rerenga wai, he whakahaere i te tiaki, he waihanga hoki i tētahi taiao whakatō kia ma. He rerekē ngā rahi o ngā moenga, engari ko te nuinga he 80–120 cm te whānui me te 20–40 cm te teitei, i runga i te momo tipu me ngā āhuatanga o te oneone. He rawaka te mokowā i waenga i ngā moenga mō te tiaki me te rere o te wai.
Kia oti ngā moenga, whakatauhia te tawhiti whakato tika. Mā te tawhiti tika ka ārai i ngā tipu ki te whakataetae mō te māramatanga me ngā matūkai, ka āwhina i te rere o te hau, ā, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te mate. He rerekē ngā tawhiti whakato mō ia hua, nō reira he pai ake te tirotiro i ngā taunakitanga whakatipu mō te hua i whiriwhiria e koe.
8. Te whakahaere i te paru me te taru mai i te tīmatanga
He mea hipoki te paru oneone i te mata o te oneone, he mea rauropi (he kakau witi, he rau maroke) he mea kirihou rānei. Ka āwhina te paru oneone ki te pupuri i te makuku o te oneone, ka pehi i te tipu o te taru, ka whakau i te pāmahana o te oneone, ā, ka whakaiti i te tauhiuhi o te oneone ki runga i ngā rau, ka taea ai te tuku mate.
Ki te kore e whakamahia he paparanga, me mahi pinepine ake te whakahaere taru. Ko ngā taru e puta wawe mai ana i te wā whakato he tino kino nā te mea he iti tonu ngā tipu, ā, kāore e taea te whakataetae. Nō reira, ko te whakahaere tika i te whenua he tikanga kei roto ko ngā rautaki ārai taru, ehara i te mea ko te tango taru i muri i te putanga mai o ngā taru.
9. Te wā tika mō te tukatuka whenua
Me whakarerekē ngā wā whakarite whenua kia rite ki te wā. I te tīmatanga o te wā ua, he māmā ake te ngaki i te oneone nā te mea he nui te makuku, engari kaua e ngaki i te wā e tino makuku ana, nā te mea ka piri te oneone, ka piri ngāwari ina maroke. I te wā maroke, tera pea ka uaua ake te ngaki nā te mea he mārō te oneone, me whakamakuku i mua, me tatari rānei kia mutu te ua iti.
Ko te mea pai ko te whakarite i te whenua i ētahi wiki i mua i te whakatō, inā koa mēnā ka tāpirihia he wairākau me te raima. Mā tēnei wā ka urutau ēnei rauemi ki te oneone, ā, ka hanga he āhua oneone pumau ake ina whakatōkia ngā tipu.
Te Katinga
Ehara i te mea he mahi tīmatanga noa te whakarite whenua i mua i te whakatō, engari he haumitanga mō te wā tipu katoa. Ka tīmata mā te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga o te whenua, te tango i ngā taru, te wetewete i te oneone, te tāpiri i ngā mea rauropi, te whakakī me te whakamomona taketake, kātahi ka whakarite i te rerenga wai, ngā moenga, me ngā rautaki whakahaere taru. Mā te whakarite tika, ka ora ake te tipu o ngā tipu, ka māmā ake te tiaki, ā, ka tino pai ake ngā hua. Ka noho momona tonu te whenua e whakahaeretia tika ana mō te wā whakato e whai ake nei, ka taea ai te whakatipu pumau ake.
