Te Whakahaere Whakamakuku i ngā Māra Pāti
Ko te whakahaere i te whakamakuku tētahi o ngā kī ki te angitu o te whakatipu raihi whenua pāpaku. Ehara i te mea ko te wai anake te puna o ngā hiahia ā-tinana mō ngā tipu, engari he wāhi anō hoki ki te waihanga i ngā āhuatanga taiao e tautoko ana i te tipu o te raihi, e pehi ana i ngā taru, e awe ana hoki i te whai huatanga o te tongi. I waenganui i ngā wero o te huringa āhuarangi, te iti o ngā rauemi wai, me te pikinga o ngā utu whakaputa, he mea nui ake te whakahaere tika i te wai hei pupuri i ngā hua nui me te whakamahinga wai whai hua ake.
Te Tūranga o te Wai i roto i te Whakatipu Pāti
E mōhiotia ana te raihi he tipu haurua-wai e tupu pai ana i ngā āhuatanga waipuke. Mā te wai e pupuri te pāmahana oneone kia pumau, e whakaiti i te ahotea tauraki, ā, e pehi i te tipu o ētahi taru. Heoi, kāore e hiahiatia ana te wai tonu mō te raihi. I roto i ngā wāhanga tipu maha, ka taea e te raihi te tupu pai me ngā tikanga makuku-maroke kua whakahaeretia, mena kei te rawaka tonu te wai e wātea ana, ā, kāore e puta he ahotea.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka pāngia hoki te wātea o ngā matūkai i roto i te oneone e te wai. Hei tauira, i raro i ngā āhuatanga waipuke, ka whakaitihia te oneone, ka taea ai te wātea ake o ētahi matūkai, pērā i te whākawa. Heoi anō, ka piki ake te mōrearea o te ngaronga hauota mā te denitrification mēnā kāore te whakahaere tongi i te ōrite ki te whakahaere wai.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Whakahaere Whakamakuku
Ko te whakahaere whakamakuku i ngā pāmu raihi ko te whāinga matua: (1) te whakarato wai e ai ki ngā hiahia o ngā tipu i ia wāhanga tipu, (2) te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga wai mā te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga nā te mimiti, te turuturu me te rere o te wai, me te (3) te pupuri i ngā āhuatanga o te whenua hei tautoko i te mimiti matūkai me te whanaketanga o ngā pakiaka.
Ka taea te whakatinana i ēnei mahi mā roto i ētahi huarahi, pērā i te whakahaere i te teitei o te waipuke, te whakarite i te tuku wai, te tiaki i ngā awa whakamakuku, me te tiaki i ngā pareparenga o ngā mara raihi hei ārai i te turuturu wai.
Ngā Whakaritenga Wai i runga i te Wāhanga Tipu
He rerekē te wai e hiahiatia ana mō te raihi i runga i te wāhanga tipu. Nō reira, me whakarerekē ngā rautaki whakamakuku ki ngā wāhanga.
1. Te whakatipu oneone me te whakatō purapura
I te wā o te parau, e hiahiatia ana te wai hei whakangawari i te oneone, hei whakahaere i te parau, hei āwhina hoki i te whakataurite i te whenua. He mea nui te whakataurite i te whenua kia ōrite ai te waipuke, kia iti ai hoki te ngaronga o te wai nā te rerenga wai o te mata. I te wā o te whakatipu, he pumau tonu ngā hiahia wai, engari ka taea e te nui o te waipuke te ngoikore i ngā tipu, te ngāwari rānei ki te pāngia e te mate.
2. Te whakatō–te wā tipu wawe (0–30 ngā rā i muri i te whakatō)
I tēnei wā, ka urutau ngā tipu, ka hanga he ngaki. He maha ngā wā ka ringihia he waipuke mātotoru (tata ki te 2–5 cm) hei āwhina i te pehi i ngā taru me te pupuri i te makuku o te oneone. Heoi, mā te waipuke hohonu rawa ka ārai i te pakiaka me te whakaiti i te hanganga o te ngaki i ētahi āhuatanga.
3. Te wā whakatōtō mōrahi (30–45 rā)
Me nui te wai e hiahiatia ana e ngā tipu, engari he maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu mai ka taea e te whakamaroke māmā i ia wā te whakaoho i te tipu hohonu o ngā pakiaka me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga wai. He kōwhiringa pea te whakamahi i tētahi rautaki mākū-maroke tauutuutu, mena kāore e puta he ngatata hohonu o te oneone, he memenge rānei o te tipu.
4. Wāhanga whakaputa uri (te hanganga o te rau ki te puāwaitanga)
Koinei te wāhanga tino nui mō te korenga o te wai. Ka taea e te tauraki i tēnei wāhanga te arahi ki te ngoikore o te whakakī o te panicle, te nui haere o te witi kau, me te iti haere o te hua. Ko te tikanga whānui kia mau tonu te puna wai mā te puna pāpaku, mā te pupuri rānei i te makuku o te oneone.
5. Te wāhanga whakakī witi ki te tunu kai
I tēnei wā, he mea nui tonu te wai e hiahiatia ana engari ka taea te whakaiti haere. Ko te whakamaroke i mua i te hauhake ka mahia i te nuinga o te wā hei whakarite kia rite te pakari me te whakahaere i te hauhake. Heoi, ki te whakamaroke wawe rawa, ka taea te whakaiti i te taumaha o te witi.
Ngā Tikanga Whakamakuku Whai Hua: Whakamakuku Wā-poto me te AWD
Ko tētahi huarahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te whakamakuku ā-wā, arā, te Whakamakuku me te Whakamaroke Ā-Wāhanga (AWD). Ko te tikanga, kāore ngā mara raihi e waipuketia tonutia, engari ka tukuna kia heke ki tētahi taumata wai whenua, kātahi ka whakamakukuhia anō. Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te penapena nui i te wai me te kore e whakaiti i ngā hua, ā, i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua mā te whakatenatena i te whanaketanga pakiaka kaha ake.
Ko te whakatinanatanga o te AWD he mea āwhina mā te tāuta i ngā paipa tirotiro (ngā ngongo AWD) kua tanumia ki roto i ngā mara raihi. Ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te aroturuki i te hekenga o te taumata wai whenua, me te whakatau i te wā e tika ai te whakamakuku anō, hei tauira, ina heke te taumata wai ki te 10–15 cm i raro i te mata o te oneone. Heoi, i te wā e puāwai ana, me āta whakatinana te AWD, me pupuri rānei he paparanga wai angiangi hei ārai i te ahotea.
Te Whakahaere Hanganga: Ngā Awaawa me ngā Pareparenga
Ehara i te mea ko te wā anake e tukuna ana te wai te mea nui ki te whakahaere i te whakamakuku, engari ko te āhua o ngā hanganga hoki. Ka hua ake te tohatoha koretake o te wai i ngā awa whakamakuku kua purua, kua turuturu rānei. Nō reira, he mea nui te horoi auau i ngā paru me ngā taru wai.
He mea nui anō hoki te mahi a ngā pareparenga raihi ki te pupuri i te wai. Ka taea e ngā pareparenga pakaru, poka rānei i puta mai i ngā kiore te arahi ki ngā turuturu nui me te para wai. Mā te tiaki i ngā pareparenga, te hiri i ngā kōhao, me ngā whakatikatika ngāwari o ngā kēti waipuke (pērā i te whakamahi i ngā papa, i ngā putea onepū rānei) ka tino whakapai ake i te pai o te whakamakuku.
Te Whakaurunga o te Whakamakuku me te Whakamomona me te Whakahaere Taru
He hononga tata te whakahaere wai ki te whakamomona. Mō ngā tongi hauota pēnei i te urea, mā te hohonu rawa o te puna, te whakamomona rānei i te wā e rere ana te wai ka nui ake te ngaronga o te hauota. He pai ake te whakamomona i te wā e marino ana te wai, i te wā rānei e nui ana te makuku, kātahi ka whakamomona i muri mai kia memeha ai te tongi, kia uru ki roto i te rohe pakiaka.
I roto i te whakahaere taru, ka taea e te waipuke papaku i ngā wāhanga tōmua te pehi i ngā taru rau whānui me ētahi tarutaru. Heoi, i roto i ngā pūnaha AWD, ka taea e te whakamaroke ā-wā te whakatipu i ngā taru mena kāore i whakatinanahia te whakahaere i te wā tika. Nō reira, me whakarerekē te tango taru, te whakamahi rānei i te patu taru ki te tauira whakamakuku e whakatinanahia ana.
Ngā Wero me ngā Rautaki Whakarerekētanga
Ko ētahi o ngā wero noa i roto i te whakahaere i te whakamakuku raihi whenua papaku ko te koretake o te wātea o te wai, ngā taupatupatu tohatoha i waenga i ngā kaimahi pāmu, me te hurihanga o ngā tauira ua. Ko ngā rautaki urutau ko te whakarite i te hurihanga wai mārama, te whakatinanatanga o ngā pūnaha whakamakuku wai-pai pērā i te AWD (Water-Wave Irrigation System), te whakataurite i te whenua mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakataurite, me te whakamahi i ngā momo e ātete ake ana ki te tauraki, ki te waipuke rangitahi rānei.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau māmā pēnei i ngā mita taumata wai, ngā keti wai iti i waenga i ngā māra, me te tuhi i ngā wātaka whakamakuku ka āwhina i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakatau kaupapa i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te mara, kaua ko ngā tikanga noa iho.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakahaere whakamakuku mō ngā hua raihi whenua papaku e whakakotahi ana i te mōhiotanga ki ngā whakaritenga wai o ngā hua, te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakamakuku tika, me te tiaki i te whenua me ngā hanganga awaawa. Mā te whakarerekē i te whakamakuku i runga i ngā wāhanga tipu, te whakatinana i te whakamakuku wā-poto pēnei i te AWD (Aquifer-Wide Watering System), me te whakauru i te whakahaere wai me te whakawairakau me te whakahaere taru, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te tiaki i te wai me te kore e whakaiti i ngā hua. I te heke mai, ka nui haere te hiranga o te whakahaere whakamakuku whai hua hei pupuri i te hua raihi me te whakarite i te pumau o ngā rauemi wai.
