Te whakatipu i ngā tipu kūkamo me te pūnaha whakamakuku
He taonga māra tino hiahiatia ngā kūkamo (Cucumis sativus) nā te ngāwari o te tukatuka, te hou, me te pumau o te mākete puta noa i te tau. Heoi, he nui te pānga o te wai ki te hua o ngā kūkamo. Ka taea e te korenga o te wai te arahi ki te puhoi o te tipu, te hinga o te pua, te iti o ngā hua, me te reka kawa. I tetahi atu taha, ka taea e te nui o te wai te whakaoho i ngā mate pakiaka me te whakaiti i te kounga o ngā hua. Nō reira, ko te whakatipu kūkamo me te pūnaha whakamakuku tika he otinga hei pupuri i te pumau o te puna wai, hei whakanui ake i ngā hua, hei whakahaere i te whakamahinga wai me te mahi.
1. Ngā Āhuatanga Whakatipu me te Whakarite Whenua
Ka tino tupu pai ngā kūkamo i ngā teitei iti ki te reo, me te pāmahana i waenganui i te 21–30°C. E pai ana tēnei tipu ki te rā katoa, me te oneone mahorahora, momona i ngā mea rauropi, he pai te rerenga wai. Ko te pH pai o te oneone kei waenga i te 5,5–6,8. I mua i te whakatō, me whakawātea te whenua i ngā taru me ngā toenga tipu, kātahi ka ngaki ki te hohonutanga o te 20–30 cm hei āwhina i te tupu o ngā pakiaka.
Waihangahia he moenga kia 100–120 cm te whānui, kia 20–30 cm te teitei, ā, kia rite te roa ki te rohe. Me tata ki te 40–60 cm te tawhiti i waenga i ngā moenga hei awaawa, hei awa whakamakuku, hei awa waikeri hoki. Ki ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te waipuke, me whakanui ake ngā moenga. He mea tino taunaki te whakamahi i te paru kua pakeke (hei tauira, 10–20 tana/heketea) hei whakapai ake i te momona o te oneone me te pupuri wai.
2. Te Kōwhiringa me te Whakatō Kākano
Kōwhiria ngā momo purapura pai rawa atu e tika ana mō te mākete e hiahiatia ana e koe: kūkama hou, kūkama iti, kūkama rānei hei whakapūkara. Whakamahia ngā purapura whaimana hei whakarite i te tupu tere, te ātete ōrite, me te ātete ki ētahi mate. Ka taea te rui i roto i ngā paepae purapura, i ngā putea iti rānei kua whakakiia ki te ranunga oneone, te wairākau, me te kiri raihi. Mā te rui ka puta he tipu ōrite, ā, ka whakaiti i te mate wawe.
Ko te tikanga, kua rite ngā tipu hei whakatō ina 7–14 ngā rā te pakeke, ina rānei kua 2–3 ngā rau tūturu. Ki te whiriwhiri koe i te rui tika, ka taea e koe te whakatō i te 2–3 ngā purapura mō ia poka, kātahi ka tīpako i te tipu pai rawa atu i muri i te pihinga.
3. Pūnaha Whakamakuku e Tika ana mō ngā Kūkama
He mea nui te whakamakuku i te whenua mō te whakatipu kūkamo. Ko ētahi o ngā pūnaha whakamakuku e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
a) Whakamakuku maturuturu
Mā te whakamakuku maturuturu ka tukuna tika te wai ki te rohe pakiaka mā roto i ngā ngongo maturuturu me ngā pūwero. Ko ōna painga ko te penapena wai, te pumau o te makuku oneone, te whakaiti i ngā taru nā te iti o ngā wāhi mākū, me tōna pai mō te whakamomona wai (whakamomona). He tino whai hua tēnei pūnaha mō ngā kūkamo, e hiahia ana ki te wai nui engari kāore e pai ki te waipuke.
b) Te Whakamakuku Tauhiu (Te Rehu)
Ka whai te pūnaha pupuhi wai i te ua mā te rehu i te wai mā roto i ngā pūwero. He pai mō ngā wāhi whānui, papatahi, engari me tūpato ki ngā kūkamo, nā te mea ka nui rawa te mākū o ngā rau ka nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā mate pēnei i te harore paura me te ira rau, inā koa mēnā he ngoikore te rere o te hau.
c) Whakamakuku i te awaawa
Ka tukuna te wai mā roto i ngā awaawa i waenganui i ngā moenga. He māmā ake, he iti ake te utu o tēnei tikanga, engari he nui ake te wai e pau ana, ā, he nui ake te tūponotanga o te horo me te kore taurite o te makuku. Mēnā he tika te rere me te wā tika, ka taea tonu te whakamahi i te whakamakuku i ngā awaawa, inā koa mō ngā kaimahi pāmu kāore anō kia whai wāhi ki te hangarau whakamakuku maturuturu.
4. Tāutanga Whakamakuku Maturuturu Māmā
Mō ngā kaupapa iti ki te rahi, ka taea te whakatinana i te whakamakuku maturuturu mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha māmā noa iho. Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko te puna wai (puna, tāpui wai), he papu (mēnā e tika ana), he tātari, he paipa matua, he ngongo taha, me ngā pūwero/pūwero maturuturu. He mea nui ngā tātari hei ārai i te aukati, inā koa ka whakamahia te wai mai i ngā awa, i ngā puna rānei he paru.
Whakatakotoria ngā ngongo ki te taha o ngā rarangi tipu. Whakatakotoria ngā ngongo wai ki te taha o te pūtake o ngā tipu kia tika ai te taenga o te wai ki te rohe pakiaka. Mō ngā oneone onepu, me auau ake te whakamakuku i ngā pata engari kia poto ake te roa; mō ngā oneone uku, me iti ake te whakamakuku engari kia roa ake. Mā te whakamahi i te papa kirihou pango me te hiriwa ka whakaiti i te mimiti, ka pehi i ngā taru, ā, ka noho ma tonu ngā hua.
5. Ngā Tauira Whakatō, te Tawhiti Whakatō, me ngā Tūāpapa
Ka taea te whakatō kūkamo me te tawhiti o te 50–60 cm i roto i ngā rarangi, me te 60–80 cm i waenga i ngā rarangi, i runga i te momo me te pūnaha whakatipu. Mō te hua nui, he maha ngā kaimahi pāmu e whakamahi ana i ngā pou me ngā whariki hei tautoko i ngā tipu. Ka whakanui ake te pūnaha whariki i te māramatanga, ka māmā ake te tiaki, ka whakaiti i te pa o ngā hua ki te whenua, ā, ka whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā hua.
Me whakatū he pou i te wā e taitamariki ana ngā tipu hei ārai i te kino o ngā pakiaka. Herea kia kore e pakaru te kakau matua. Tapatapahia ngā wana kāore e hua ana ina hiahiatia, inā koa i roto i te whakatipu kaha.
6. Te Whakatō me te Whakatō
He tipu ngā kūkamo e aro ana ki te whakamomona. Haunga ngā whakamomona taketake (te whakawairakau me te whakamomona whākawa), me tāpiri haere te whakamomona tāpiri kia rite ki te wāhanga tipu: te wāhanga tipu wawe, te wāhanga pua, me te whakanui hua. Mena kei te whakamahi i te whakamakuku maturuturu, ka taea te whakamomona mā te whakamomona kia tere ake, kia whai hua ake hoki te whakarato i ngā matūkai.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakatairanga te hauota i te tipu o te rau me te kakau, ka tautoko te whākawae i te hanganga o te pakiaka me te pua, ā, he mea nui te pāhare pāporo mō te kounga o te hua, te pakari o te tipu, me te hanganga o te hua. Kaua e tāpirihia te hauota nui rawa, nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakaoho i te tipu nui rawa o te tipu me te whakaroa i te hua.
7. Te Whakahaere Wai Tika
Ka piki ake te hiahia wai mō ngā kūkamo i te pakeketanga o te tipu, inā koa i te wā e puāwai ana, e hua ana. Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakamakuku ko te pupuri i te oneone kia makuku engari kaua e mākū. I te wā maroke, ka taea te whakamakuku i ia rā, i ngā wā e rua rānei i te rā mō ngā wā poto (ina koa me te whakamakuku maturuturu). I te wā ua, me whakaiti te auau o te whakamakuku, ā, me whakarite kia rere te wai kia kore ai e pirau ngā pakiaka.
Ka taea te tirotiro māmā mā te tirotiro i te makuku o te oneone i te hohonutanga o te 5–10 henimita. Mēnā he maroke rawa, he pakarukaru hoki te oneone, me whakainu te tipu. Mēnā he tino piri te oneone, he nui hoki te wai, kati te whakamakuku, ā, me whakapai ake te rerenga wai.
8. Te Whakahaere i ngā Pepeke me ngā Mate
Ko ētahi o ngā pepeke matua o ngā kūkamo ko ngā aphids, ngā thrips, ngā ngaro hua, ngā anuhe, me ngā mite. Ko ngā mate noa ko te paura koriri, te huruhuru hipi, te anthracnose, te ngaromanga huakita, me te pirau pakiaka harore. Ka āwhina ngā pūnaha whakamakuku maturuturu ki te whakaiti i te makuku rau, ā, ka pehi i ētahi mate ki te whakataurite ki te whakamakuku i runga ake.
Whakamahia ngā mātāpono Whakahaere Pest Whakauru (IPM): te horoi i te māra, te hurihanga hua, te whakatō, te hopu (hei tauira, ngā mahanga pepeke kōwhai), te tapahi i ngā rau mate, me te whakamahi pai i ngā patu pepeke i roto i ngā paepae whakahaere. Mā te whakamahi i ngā momo ātete me te pupuri i ngā taputapu ma ka āwhina nui ki te aukati i te horapa o te mate.
9. Te Kotinga me te Muri i te Kotinga
Ko te tikanga, ka taea te hauhake i ngā kūkamo i muri i te 30–40 ngā rā i muri i te whakatō, i runga i te momo me ngā āhuatanga tipu. Me mahi te hauhake i te wā e taitamariki tonu ana te hua, he hou te kiri, ā, he rite te rahi ki ngā paerewa mākete. Ki te whakaroa te hauhake, ka pakari rawa te hua, ka nui ake ngā kākano, ā, ka heke te kounga.
He pai ake te hauhake i te ata, i te ahiahi rānei, ina kore e tino wera te pāmahana kia mau tonu ai te hou. Whakamahia he kutikuti koi, he maripi rānei, kia kore ai e kino ngā kakau. Ka kohia ngā hua ki tētahi wāhi marumaru, kātahi ka whakarōpūtia kia rite ki te rahi me te kounga. Mā te penapena i roto i ngā āhuatanga hauhautanga, haumākū ka roa ake te ora o te hua.
10. Whakamutunga
He nui ngā painga o te whakatipu kūkamo mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha whakamakuku, inā koa te pupuri i te pumau o te puna wai me te whakamahinga wai whai hua. O ngā momo kōwhiringa, ko te whakamakuku maturuturu te tikanga tino pai mō te whakatipu kūkamo kaha nā te mea ka whakaiti i te para wai, ka pehi i ngā taru, ā, ka tautoko i te whakatō otaota. Mā te whakarite tika i te whenua, te whiriwhiri i ngā purapura pai, te whakahaere wai me ngā matūkai tika, me te whakahaere pepeke me ngā mate whakauru, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whakapiki ake i te hua me te whakaputa kūkamo kounga teitei e rite ana ki te whakataetae i te mākete.
Ki te whakatinanahia tonutia, ka āwhina te pūnaha whakamakuku i te tupu pai o ngā kūkamo, ā, ka waiho hoki hei haumitanga mō te wā roa mō te whakatipu māra hou, whai hua, me te pumau.
