Te Mahi a te Tukanga Whakaahua-ā-Whārite i roto i ngā Tipu
He tukanga matū koiora te whakaahua-ā-ira e tino hira ana ki te ora i runga i te Ao, inā koa mō ngā tipu. Mā te whakaahua-ā-ira, ka hurihia e ngā tipu te pūngao o te rā hei pūngao matū i roto i te ahua o te hukahuka, ka whakamahia hei pūtake pūngao mō te tipu me te whanaketanga. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te āhua o te whakaahua-ā-ira i roto i ngā tipu, mai i ngā hanganga pūtau e whai wāhi ana ki ngā mahi a ngā matū matua i roto i tēnei tukanga.
Kupu Whakataki Taketake
Ka puta te whakaahua i roto i ngā kōroporoporo, arā, ngā whekau motuhake i roto i ngā pūtau tipu. Kei roto i ngā kōroporoporo tētahi tae matomato e mōhiotia ana ko te kōroporoporo, e kaha ana ki te hopu i te pūngao mārama mai i te rā. Ka taea te wehewehe i te tukanga whakaahua ki ngā wāhanga matua e rua: ko ngā tauhohenga mārama (e hiahia ana ki te mārama) me ngā tauhohenga pōuri (kāore e hiahia ana ki te mārama). E hono ana ēnei wāhanga e rua, ā, he mea nui ki te whakaputa i ngā huka māmā pērā i te kūhuka mai i te hauhā waro me te wai.
Hanganga Pūtau me ngā Organelles e Whai Wāhi Ana
1. Ngā Koroporoporo: Ko ngā koroporoporo te wāhi matua o te whakaahua-atamai. E rua ngā kiriuhi o ēnei whekau, ā, kei roto ko ngā thylakoid, e hanga ana i te grana. Ko ngā thylakoid te wāhi e puta ai ngā tauhohenga mārama o te whakaahua-atamai.
2. Korowaira: Ka mimiti tēnei tae i te rā, inā koa i ngā rohe kikorangi me te whero o te whānuitanga, ā, ka whakaata i te mārama kakariki, kia āhua kakariki ai ngā tipu.
3. Stroma: Ko te wai e whakakī ana i ngā chloroplast i waho o ngā thylakoids, te wāhi e puta ai ngā tauhohenga pōuri o te photosynthesis.
Tauhohenga Mārama
Ka puta ngā tauhohenga mārama i roto i te kiriuhi thylakoid, ā, me mārama hei pūtake pūngao. Ko te whāinga matua o ēnei tauhohenga he huri i te pūngao mārama hei pūngao matū i roto i te ahua o te ATP (adenosine triphosphate) me te NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), e rua e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tauhohenga pōuri.
1. Te Mimihanga o te Mārama: Ka mimiti te koroiraira i roto i ngā thylakoid i te pūngao mārama. Kātahi ka tukuna tēnei pūngao ki te pokapū tauhohenga i roto i te pūnaha whakaahua II.
2. Te Whakaora Wai: Ka pakaru te wai i wehea e ngā whākōkī i roto i te pūnaha whakaahua II hei hāora, hei porotona, hei irahiko. Ka tukuna te hāora hei hua taha ki te āhuarangi.
3. Whakawhiti Irahiko: Ka rere ngā irahiko mai i te whakapūngao wai mā roto i te mekameka kawe irahiko, he momo ara pūmua e whakaputa pūngao ana hei pupuhi i ngā pūrotene ki roto i te rūma thylakoid, ka hanga he pikinga pūrotene.
4. Te hanganga ATP: Ka whakaohohia e te pikinga pūmua te whākōkī ATP synthase kia huri ai te ADP (adenosine diphosphate) hei ATP.
5. Te whakaiti i te NADP+: Ko ngā irahiko e tae atu ana ki te pūnaha whakaahua I, ā, e whiwhi ana i te kaha mārama nui ake, ka whakamahia hei whakaiti i te NADP+ ki te NADPH.
Tauhohenga Pōuri (Huringa Calvin)
Ko ngā tauhohenga pōuri, e mōhiotia ana ko te Huringa Calvin, ka puta i roto i te stroma o ngā chloroplast, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he māramatanga. Ka whakamahia e rātou te ATP me te NADPH i puta i roto i ngā tauhohenga mārama hei huri i te hauhā waro hei hukahuka.
1. Te Whakapūmau Waro: Ka whakapūmauhia te CO2 mai i te āhuarangi e te whākōkī Rubisco ki roto i ngā ngota 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
2. Whakaiti: Mā roto i tētahi raupapa tauhohenga mā te whakamahi i te ATP me te NADPH, ka hurihia te 3-PGA ki te glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P/GA3P), he huka māmā.
3. Te whakahoutanga o te RuBP: Ka whakamahia ētahi o te G3P hei hanga i te kūhuka me ētahi atu warowaihā, ko ētahi hei hanga anō i te ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), te ngota e tīmata ana i tēnei huringa.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Whakaahua-ā-Whāorite
Ka awehia te hanga whakaahua e ngā āhuatanga taiao maha, tae atu ki te kaha o te mārama, te kukū o te CO2, te pāmahana, me te wātea o te wai.
1. Te Kaha o te Mārama: Ka nui ake te kaha o te mārama, ka nui ake te pūngao e wātea ana mō ngā tauhohenga mārama, tae noa ki tētahi pūwāhi mākū.
2. Te kukū o te CO2: Ka piki ake te tere o te piri o te waro ki ngā kukū CO2 teitei ake kia tae rā anō ki te pūwāhi mākū.
3. Pāmahana: Ka pā te pāmahana ki te mahi a ngā whākōkī whakaahua. He pāmahana tino pai tēnei e mahi pai ai ngā whākōkī, i waenganui i te 25 me te 30°C mō te nuinga o ngā tipu.
4. Te Wātea o te Wai: Ko te wai tētahi o ngā matū tauhohe i roto i te photolysis, ā, he mea nui anō hoki mō te pupuri i te pēhanga turgor pūtau.
Te Hiranga o te Whakaahua-ā-Whaiaro
Ko te whakaahua te tūāpapa o te nuinga o ngā mekameka kai o te Ao. Ehara i te mea ko te hāora anake e manawahia ana e tātou, engari ka puta hoki te pūngao matū e whakamahia ana e ngā mea ora katoa.
1. Te Hanga Hāora: He mea tino nui te hāora e puta mai ana i te photolysis wai mō te ora ā-hauora.
2. Pūtake Pūngao: Ko te hukahuka e whakaputaina ana e te tukanga whakaahua te pūtake pūngao matua mō ngā tipu, ā, mō ngā mea ora katoa o te pūnaha rauropi hoki.
3. Huringa Waro: He mea nui anō hoki te mahi whakaahua i roto i te huringa waro o te ao mā te whakaiti i te nui o te CO2 i te āhuarangi.
Ngā tono hangarau koiora
Nā te māramatanga pai ake ki te tukanga o te photosynthesis kua hua ake ai ngā momo tono hangarau koiora, pērā i te hangarau i ngā whare hanga kia pai ake ai te whakamahi i te māramatanga, te CO2 rānei, ka taea ai e ēnei te whakanui ake i ngā hua ahuwhenua me te āwhina ki te whawhai ki te huringa āhuarangi.
Whakamutunga
He tukanga uaua engari he tino whakahaere te whakaahua-ā-ira, e uru ana ki ngā tauhohenga matū me ngā tauhohenga ā-tinana maha. Mā te mārama ki tēnei tukanga ka kitea he māramatanga hohonu ake ki te mahi a ngā tipu me ō tātou pūnaha rauropi, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga mō ngā painga ahuwhenua me te taiao. Mai i te mimiti o te māramatanga e te chlorophyll ki te hanganga o te hukahuka i roto i te Huringa Calvin, e whakaatu ana ia taahiraa o te whakaahua-ā-ira i te mīharotanga taiao e āhei ai te ora ki te haere tonu i runga i tō tātou ao.
