Ngā Rōpū Mahi i roto i ngā Matū Waro
Pendahuluan
He āhua ahurei, he āhua uaua hoki ngā matū waro i roto i te matū waro. Ko te mea nui ki tēnei kanorau ko te kaha o te waro ki te hanga i te whānuitanga o ngā hononga me ngā hanganga, tae atu ki ngā mekameka raina, porowhita, me ngā mekameka peka. Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui e homai ana ki ngā matū waro ō rātou āhuatanga motuhake ko ō rātou rōpū mahi. Ko ngā rōpū mahi he rōpū ngota i roto i te ngota e kawenga ana mō ngā āhuatanga matū motuhake. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ngā momo rōpū mahi rerekē i roto i ngā matū waro, ō rātou hanganga me ngā āhuatanga, me tō rātou hiranga i roto i ngā tono mahi.
Te Mārama ki ngā Rōpū Mahi
Ko te rōpū mahi he wāhanga o te ngota e whakaatu tonu ana i ētahi tauhohenga matū. Ka taea e ēnei rōpū te tito i te kotahi, neke atu rānei o ngā ngota, ā, kei roto ngā huinga motuhake o ngā huānga e hoatu ana ki te ngota ōna āhuatanga motuhake. Ko ngā tauira tino noa o ngā rōpū mahi ko ngā waipiro, ngā aldehyde, ngā ketone, ngā waikawa carboxylic, me ngā amine. Mā ngā rōpū mahi e whakatau te tauhohenga matū, te ira kohua, te ira rewa, te polarity, me te maha atu o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te matū.
Rōpū Waipiro
Ko tētahi o ngā rōpū mahi tino noa i roto i te matū waro ko te waipiro. Ko te rōpū waipiro he ngota hāora e herea ana ki te ngota hauwai (OH) e piri ana ki te ngota waro. Ko te hanganga whānui o te waipiro ko R-OH, ko R he rōpū alkyl, aryl rānei. Ka whakarōpūtia ngā waipiro ki te tuatahi, te tuarua, me te tuatoru, i runga i te maha o ngā ngota waro e piri tika ana ki te ngota waro e piri ana ki te rōpū hydroxyl.
– Ngā waipiro tuatahi: Ko te ngota waro e pupuri ana i te rōpū OH ka herea ki tētahi atu ngota waro kotahi anake. Hei tauira: te methanol (CH3OH) me te etanoru (CH3CH2OH).
– Waipiro tuarua: Ko te ngota waro e here ana i te rōpū OH ka herea ki ētahi atu ngota waro e rua. Hei tauira: isopropanol (CH3CHOHCH3).
– Waipiro tuatoru: Ko te ngota waro e here ana i te rōpū OH ka herea ki ētahi atu ngota waro e toru. Hei tauira: t-butanol (C(CH3)3OH).
He teitei te pāmahana kohua o te waipiro nā runga i ngā hononga hauwai i waenganui i ōna ngota. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te waipiro hei whakarewa, hei patu huakita, hei wahie hoki.
Ngā Aldehydes me ngā Ketones
Ko ngā aldehydes me ngā ketones he momo rōpū mahi carbonyl e rua, he rite ngā āhuatanga matū, engari kei ngā tūranga rerekē i roto i te ngota.
– Ngā Aldehydes: He rōpū carbonyl (C=O) kei a rātou e hono ana ki te ngota hauwai me te ngota waro. Ko te hanganga whānui o te aldehyde ko R-CHO. Ko ngā tauira o ngā aldehyde ko te formaldehyde (HCHO) me te acetaldehyde (CH3CHO).
– Ketone: He rōpū carbonyl (C=O) tōna e hono ana ki ngā ngota waro e rua. Ko te hanganga whānui o te ketone ko R-CO-R'. Ko tētahi tauira o te ketone ko te acetone (CH3COCH3).
Kei roto i ngā matū koiora me ngā matū ahumahi maha ngā aldehydes me ngā ketones. E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā aldehydes i roto i ngā ahumahi hinu kakara me te matū, ko ngā ketones ia he whakarewa pai, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia i roto i ngā hanganga whakapaipai.
Waikawa Carboxylic
Ko te waikawa carboxylic he rōpū mahi kei roto he rōpū carbonyl (C=O) me te rōpū hydroxyl (OH) i runga i te ngota waro kotahi, ka puta te hanganga whānui R-COOH. He waikawa ngā waikawa carboxylic nā te mea ka tukuna wawetia e rātou ngā ion hauwai (H+). Ko ngā tauira o ngā waikawa carboxylic ko te waikawa acetic (CH3COOH) me te waikawa benzoic (C6H5COOH).
He matū nui ngā waikawa carboxylic i roto i te koiora me te ahumahi. Ka kitea ēnei i roto i te tini o ngā kai me ngā wahie, ā, he wāhi nui tā rātou i roto i ngā huringa matū koiora pērā i te huringa Krebs.
Amina
Ko ngā amine he rōpū mahi kei roto te hauota e herea ana ki tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā ngota waro. Ka taea te whakarōpū i a rātou hei tuatahi, tuarua, me tuatoru i runga i te maha o ngā ngota waro e herea ana ki te hauota.
– Ngā amine tuatahi: Ka herea te hauota ki te ngota waro kotahi. Hei tauira: te methylamine (CH3NH2).
– Ngā amine tuarua: Ka herea te hauota ki ngā ngota waro e rua. Hei tauira: te dimethylamine (CH3NHCH3).
– Ngā amine tuatoru: Ka herea te hauota ki ngā ngota waro e toru. Hei tauira: te trimethylamine (N(CH3)3).
He matū taketake ngā amine, ā, e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i te koiora hei wāhanga o ngā waikawa amino me ngā neurotransmitters. Ka whakamahia hoki ngā amine i roto i ngā rongoā me ngā tae hangai.
Ngā Etera me ngā Etera
Ko ngā etera me ngā etera ētahi atu rōpū mahi e rua e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i te matū waro.
– Etera: Kei roto he takirua ngota waro e honoa ana e te ngota hāora (RO-R'). Ko tētahi tauira o te etera ko te diethyl etera (CH3CH2OCH2CH3), he whakarewa noa i roto i ngā taiwhanga matū.
– Ester: I hangaia mai i te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa carboxylic me te waipiro, ko te hanganga whānui ko R-COOR'. Ko tētahi tauira o te ester ko te ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3), e whakamahia ana hei whakarewa i roto i te umanga peita me te lak.
He kakara reka tō ngā ester, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi hinu kakara me te kai hei whakaputa i ngā reka me ngā kakara motuhake.
Te Hiranga o ngā Rōpū Mahi i roto i ngā Whakamahinga Whaihua
Mā ngā rōpū mahi ka taea te hoahoa me te hanga i te whānuitanga o ngā ngota ngota me ngā āhuatanga motuhake e hiahiatia ana. Hei tauira, i roto i te umanga rongoā, ko te noho mai, ko te ngaro rānei o tētahi rōpū mahi motuhake ka taea te whakarerekē i te mahi koiora o tētahi rongoā, te pumau, me te āhua o tana mahi i roto i te tinana. Mā ngā rōpū mahi anō hoki ka taea te hoahoa i ngā rauemi me ngā āhuatanga miihini, wera, hiko rānei motuhake i roto i ngā mara o ngā polymer me ngā rauemi hiato.
Whakamutunga
He mahi nui tā ngā rōpū mahi ki te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā pūhui waro. Ko te mārama ki ngā momo rōpū mahi rerekē, tō rātou tauhohenga, me ō rātou whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo ahumahi te mea nui ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau me te pūtaiao. Mā te ako tonu me te mārama ki ngā rōpū mahi, ka taea e tātou te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi me ngā hangarau hou ka taea te huri i te āhua o tō tātou noho me te mahi.
