Te Rerekētanga i waenga i ngā Toka Igneous Whakauru me ngā Toka Igneous Tuwhera
Ko ngā toka mura, tētahi o ngā momo toka matua e toru me ngā toka parapara me ngā toka āhua-whakaahua, ka puta mai i te whakapakeketanga me te whakamataotanga o ngā rauemi toka rewa. Ka taea te tukanga i raro i te mata o te Ao, i runga rānei i te mata, ka hua ake te whakarōpūtanga o ngā toka mura ki ngā momo matua e rua: te toka urutomo me te toka whakaputa. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ēnei momo e rua mō ngā tohunga whenua me te hunga e hiahia ana ki ngā pūtaiao o te Ao kia mārama ai ki ngā tukanga hihiri e hanga ana i tō tātou ao. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga, ngā āhuatanga hanganga, ngā āhuatanga kakano, me ngā tauira o ngā toka mura urutomo me ngā toka whakaputa, me te whakaatu i ō rātou rerekētanga me te hiranga.
Ngā Tikanga Whakatūnga
Ngā Toka Āwhata Uru:
Ko ngā toka mura uru, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā toka plutonika, ka puta mai i te magma e whakamatao ana, e totoka ana i raro i te mata o te Ao. Nā te mea ka pōturi te whakamatao i roto i ngā tekau mano ki ngā miriona tau, he nui te wā o ngā tioata ki te tipu me te whanake. Ka puta tēnei whakamatao haere i roto i te papa o te whenua, he maha ngā kiromita i raro i te mata. Nā te taiao motuhake, he iti ake te pēhanga o te mata me ngā āhuatanga huarere o ngā toka uru ki te whakataurite ki ō rātou hoa e puta ana i waho.
Ngā Toka Āwhata Pupuhi:
He rerekē, ko ngā toka mura o waho, ko ngā toka puia rānei, ka puta mai i te rangitoto e pupuhi ana ki te mata o te Ao i te wā o ngā mahi puia. Ko te tukanga whakamatao tere e pā ana ki ēnei toka, i ētahi wā ka puta i roto i ngā hāora, i ngā rā rānei, ka waiho ngā kohuke me te kore e ranea te wā ki te whakatipu tioata nui. Ka puta pea tēnei whakamatao ohorere ina pupuhihia te rangitoto i te wā o ngā pahūtanga pahū, ina rere rānei hei awa rewa. Ka pāngia tika ngā toka o waho e ngā āhuatanga o te hau me ngā tukanga huarere, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta he āhuatanga ā-tinana motuhake.
Ngā Āhuatanga Kakano
Ngā Toka Āwhata Uru:
Mā te puhoi o te whakamatao o ngā toka mura e uru ana ki roto ka taea te whakawhanake i ngā tioata nunui, pai te āhua, ka hua ake he kakano matotoru. Ko te tikanga o tēnei kakano, e kiia nei ko te phaneritic, ko ngā kakano kohuke takitahi ka kitea noa e te kanohi tahanga. Ko ngā kohuke noa e kitea ana i roto i ēnei toka ko te feldspar, te quartz, me te mika. Ko te kakano ōrite me te honohono ka whakarato i te roa me te ātete nui ki te huarere o ēnei toka. Ko tētahi tauira o tēnei ko te granite, e whakamahia pinepinetia ana i roto i ngā hanganga me ngā whakamaharatanga nā tōna kaha.
Ngā Toka Āwhata Pupuhi:
Nā te tere o te whakamatao e pā ana ki ngā toka mura o waho, he maha ngā wā ka kitea he anga angiangi ake, he kakano karaihe rānei. He moroiti noa iho ngā tioata o ēnei toka, he kakano e kiia ana ko te aphanitic. I ētahi wā, ka tere te whakamatao o te rangitoto ka hanga he karāhe, pērā i te obsidian. Hei tāpiri, ka kitea he kakano porphyritic ngā toka o waho, arā, ko ngā tioata nunui ake kei roto i te whenua angiangi ake, e tohu ana i ngā tere whakamatao rerekē i te wā e hangaia ana. Ko te basalt te toka o waho e tino kitea ana, e hanga ana i te papa moana, ā, e pupuhi ana i ngā puia pērā i ērā i Hawai'i. Ko te pumice, he toka mama, he pōro i hangaia mai i ngā rangitoto whai hau, e whakaatu ana hoki i ngā kakano ahurei o ngā toka o waho.
Composition
He rerekē te hanganga matū o ngā toka mura uru me ngā toka mura whakaputa, mai i te felsic ki te mafic me te ultramafic. He nui te silica me ngā kohuke tae mārama pēnei i te quartz me te feldspar i roto i ngā toka felsic, ko ngā toka mafic ia he nui ake te rino me te konupora, e tohuhia ana e ngā kohuke pouri pēnei i te pyroxene me te olivine.
Ngā Toka Āwhata Uru:
– Granite: He toka urutomo felsic noa, he mea hanga te nuinga mai i te quartz, te feldspar, me te mika.
– Diorite: He toka urutomo waenga kei waenganui i te felsic me te mafic, kei roto ko te plagioclase feldspar me te hornblende.
– Gabbro: He toka urutomo mafic, he nui te pyroxene me te plagioclase he nui te konupūmā.
Ngā Toka Āwhata Pupuhi:
– Riorita: Ko te rite ki te karāneti, engari he angiangi ake ngā kōhatu.
– Andesite: He rite ki te diorite engari he pai ake te kakano, e kitea ana i roto i ngā pewa puia.
– Pātarati: Ko te rite ki te kaporo, e hanga ana i te kirinuku moana me ngā rerenga rangitoto nui i runga i ngā whenua.
Te Hiranga me te Tohatoha o te Ao Tūroa
Ngā Toka Āwhata Uru:
Ko ngā toka urutomo te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga papa whenua maha, ā, he maha ngā wā ka kitea i roto i ngā tukanga o te hiki me te horo. Ka taea e ngā tinana nunui o ngā toka urutomo, e kiia nei ko ngā pluton, te hanga i ngā pae maunga me ngā batholith, pērā i te Sierra Nevada i California. Nā te mea he pumau, he mārō hoki ēnei hanganga, he mea nui tā rātou mahi i roto i te anga whenua o ngā whenua.
Ngā Toka Āwhata Pupuhi:
Ko ngā toka puia e kitea nuitia ana i ngā wāhi e kaha ana te mahi a ngā puia, i mua rānei. He mahi nui tā rātou ki te hanga i te mata o te Ao, te hanga i ngā papa whenua whānui, i ngā moutere puia, me te papa moana. Ka taea e ngā rerenga rangitoto, te pungarehu puia, me ngā putunga pyroclastic mai i ēnei toka te whakarerekē nui i te whenua, te awe hoki i te hanganga o te oneone me te momona, ka pā ki ngā rauropi me ngā mahi a te tangata.
Whakamahi
Ngā Toka Āwhata Uru:
Nā te pakari me te ātaahua o te āhua, he nui te whakamahinga o ngā kōhatu urutomo pēnei i te karāneti i roto i ngā mahi hanga, i ngā papa kaunta, i ngā whakamaharatanga, me ngā kōhatu whakapaipai. Nā te ātete ki te huarere, he mea pai rawa atu ēnei mō ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā piriti, ngā whare, me ngā ara hikoi.
Ngā Toka Āwhata Pupuhi:
Ko ngā toka whakaputa pēnei i te papara e whakamahia ana mō te hanga whare, mō ngā turanga rori, hei rauemi whakakotahi hoki mō te raima. Ko te pūngāwerewere, me ōna āhuatanga whakakoi me te iti o te mātotoru, ka kitea ngā whakamahinga i roto i ngā hua pēnei i te raima māmā, ngā mea whakakoi, tae noa ki ngā mahi tiaki kiri.
Opaniraa
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ahakoa i ahu mai ngā toka mura uru me ngā toka puta i ngā rauemi rewa, he rerekē ngā kakano, ngā hanganga, me ngā āhua o ō rātou tukanga hanganga. Ka puta ngā toka mura uru i roto i te kirinuku o te Ao, ka āta whakamatao kia puta ai ngā kakano matotoru, ko ngā toka puta ka tere te totoka i te mata, ka puta ai he kakano pai, he kakano karaihe rānei. He nui te takoha a ngā momo e rua ki te whenua o te Ao, e pā ana ki ngā whenua, ki ngā rauropi, me ngā mahi a te tangata. Mā te mārama ki ēnei toka, ehara i te mea ka whakamārama noa i ngā tukanga whenua, engari ka whakamārama anō hoki i ō rātou whakamahinga mahi me te hiranga i roto i ō tātou oranga o ia rā.
