Hītori o te Kitea me te Tūhuratanga o te Hinu
Ko te hinu tetahi o ngā rauemi taiao tino whai mana i roto i te hītori o ēnei rā. Kua hurihia e ia te huarahi e neke ai te tangata, e whakaputa taonga ai, e whawhai ai, tae noa ki te hanga ōhanga. Heoi, kāore te hinu i huri ohorere hei "kingi o te pūngao." He haerenga roa: i tīmata i te whakamahi i te turuturu hinu taiao i raro i te mata, i whanake hei umanga nui mā roto i ngā mahi auaha keri, kātahi ka whanake haere mā roto i ngā hangarau tūhuratanga matatau haere. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori o te kitenga me te tūhuratanga hinu, mai i ngā wā onamata ki te wā hangarau teitei.
Ngā Tohu Tūatahi: Te Hinu i ngā Wā Onamata
I mua noa atu i te keri o ēnei rā, i pāngia te tangata e te hinu i roto i te ahua o te turuturu taiao. I ētahi wāhi, ka puta te hinu me te bitumen (te uku taiao), ka rere i roto i ngā awa, ka puea rānei ki roto i te whenua. I whakamahia e te iwi o Mesopotamia te bitumen hei piripiri hanga whare, hei paninga poti, hei ārai wai hoki. I Papurona me Ahiria, i whakamahia anō te bitumen ki te hanga rori me te pakitara, e whakaatu ana he maha ngā mano tau te whai hua o ngā rauemi hauwaiwai.
I Pāhia me te rohe e karapoti ana, i mōhiotia ngā turuturu hinu, ā, i whakamahia mō te whakamārama noa iho. E whakahuatia ana i ngā tuhinga tawhito te whakamahinga o te "hinu toka" mō ngā rama. I taua wā, i Haina, i ahu whakamua ngā mahi ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi o raro whenua i taua wā. E whakahuatia ana e ētahi puna ngā tikanga keri māmā mō te tote, ā, i puta ai te hau māori; ko ētahi o ēnei hau i whakamahia hei wahie mō te mimiti i te wai tote. Ahakoa kāore anō kia waiho hei umanga hinu pēnei i tēnei rā, e tohu ana tēnei kua tīmata te mārama ki te tūhuratanga o raro whenua.
Mai i te turuturu ki te ahumahi: Te whānautanga o te keri hou
Ko te wā hurihanga o te hītori hinu hou e pā ana ki te keri i te puna hinu arumoni angitu tuatahi i Titusville, Pennsylvania, Te Hononga o Amerika, i te tau 1859. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana tēnei puna ko te "Puna Drake," i muri i a Edwin L. Drake, te kaiārahi o te mahi. I mua, i riro mai te hinu mai i ngā puna wai me ngā puna pāpaku, engari he iti noa te whakaputanga. I whakaatu te angitu o Drake ka taea te tiki hinu i runga ake i te auau mā te keri, kaua ki te whakawhirinaki noa ki te wai wai.
Ko tētahi o ngā take matua i ārahi i te whanaketanga ahumahi i taua wā ko te hiahia mō ngā rauemi rama. Ka taea te whakamahine i te hinu mata hei hinu mō ngā rama, he huarahi pai ake tēnei hei whakakapi i te hinu tohorā, he mea utu nui, ā, he iti haere te hoko i taua wā. I te tipu haere o te tono, i whānui haere te whakamahine, i whakatūria ngā hongere tohatoha, ā, i puta mai ngā kamupene pūngao nui. Koinei te tīmatanga o te umanga hinu hou, whakauru mai i te taha whakarunga ki te taha whakararo.
Te Whanuitanga Ao: Rūhia, te Waenganui Rawhiti, me Āhia
Kāore i roa i muri i te Hononga o Amerika, ka whānui haere te hanga hinu ki ētahi atu wāhi. I te mutunga o te rautau 19, kua noho te rohe o Baku (ināianei ko Azerbaijan) o te Emepaea o Rūhia hei tētahi o ngā pokapū hanga hinu nui rawa atu o te ao. Kua roa a Baku e mōhiotia ana he puna hinu kei a ia, engari nā te ahumahi i tere ake te whakamahi i aua puna mā te keri me te whakawhanake i ngā hanganga. Nā tēnei i hua ake ai te whanaketanga o ngā mahi hanga nui, te whakamahinga o ngā paipa, me te hiahia mō ngā ratonga hinu.
I te taenga mai o te rautau 20 ki te ao, ka tīmata te aro ki te Middle East. He nui ngā rahui hinu i roto i tēnei rohe, ā, i muri mai ka noho hei pou tuara mō te tuku pūngao o te ao. I kitea ngā kitenga nui i Īrāna, Irāki, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, me ngā whenua huri noa. He maha ngā kitenga nui i te rohe i whakakahangia e te mahi tahi—me te whakataetae hoki—i waenganui i ngā kamupene hinu o te Hauāuru me ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe. Mai i taua wā, kua nui atu i te taonga ōhanga noa iho te hinu, engari he āhuatanga ā-rohe hoki ka taea te awe i ngā kaupapa here o tāwāhi, ngā pakanga, me ngā hononga ā-ao.
I te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, tae atu ki Initonīhia, he roa te hītori o ngā mahi hinu. E mōhiotia ana a Initonīhia ko tētahi o ngā rohe tuatahi o Āhia ki te whakawhanake i te umanga hinu, mai i te wā koroni i whakahaerehia ai e ngā kamupene Tatimana te tūhuratanga me te whakaputa. E whakaatu ana ngā mara hinu i Sumatra me Kalimanitāne i te nui o ngā huringa nui i puta mai i te tūhuratanga ki ngā wāhi whakaputa: te putanga mai o ngā hanganga, ngā nohoanga kaimahi, tae atu ki ngā huringa o ngā tauira ōhanga ā-rohe.
Te Whanaketanga o ngā Tikanga Tūhura: Mai i te Āhua Tūturu ki te Pūtaiao
I ngā wāhanga tōmua, i whakawhirinaki te tūhuratanga hinu ki ngā tohu o te mata: te mimiti hinu, te haunga o ngā hauwaiwai, ngā mirumiru hau rānei i roto i ngā repo. Heoi, he iti noa iho ēnei tikanga—kāore i te "kitea" tonutia ngā rahui nui i runga i te mata. I te whanaketanga o te matawhenua hei pūtaiao, ka nui ake te pūnaha o te tūhuratanga. Ko te mahere toka, te tātari i ngā hanganga takai, ngā hapa, me ngā momo toka parataiao te pūtake mō te whakatau tata i te aroaro o ngā puna wai.
I puta he panonitanga nui i te tīmatanga o te whakamahi i ngā tikanga matawhenua. Nā ngā tikanga taumaha me te aukume i āwhina ki te kite i ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga o ngā toka o raro whenua. Engari ko te mea tino auaha ko te whakaata rū whenua. Mā te tuku ngaru ki roto i te whenua me te tuhi i ngā whakaata, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te "tuhi" i te hanganga o raro whenua. Nā tēnei tikanga i taea ai te keri i ngā wāhi he nui ake te tūponotanga o te angitu, ka whakaiti i te utu o te tūhuratanga, i mua i whakawhirinaki nui ki te whakamātautau me te hapa.
Hei tāpiri atu, mā te tuhi i ngā raraunga puna ka mārama ake te māramatanga ki ngā paparanga toka e werohia ana. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko kua tukuna ki roto i te puna, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te tirotiro i te porosity, te mākū o te wai, me ngā āhuatanga o te toka puna. Ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā raraunga matawhenua, matawhenua, me te hangarau puna ka hanga i tētahi huarahi tūhura hou, e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga.
Te Wā o te Tai Hauāuru me te Hangarau Hiko
I te mea ka tīmata te mimiti haere o ngā rahui whenua o uta e wātea ana i ētahi whenua, kei te neke te umanga ki te keri i tai. He nui ngā wero o te keri i tai: ngā ngaru, ngā tupuhi, ngā wai hohonu, me te hiahia mō ngā papaaho pakari me te haumaru. Heoi, kei te tere haere te whanaketanga o te hangarau, mai i ngā papaaho papaku ki ngā waka tere mō te tūhura i te wai hohonu. Ko te kitenga o ngā rahui nui i te Moana-a-Kiwa o Mehiko, te Moana-a-Kiwa, me ētahi atu rohe e whakaatu ana i te kaha nui o te moana.
I te tata mai o te mutunga o te rautau 20 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 21, ka uru te tūhuratanga ki te ao rorohiko. Nā te tukatuka raraunga ru whenua 3D me te 4D (wā-whakamuri) i taea ai te whakatauira taipitopito o raro i te mata me te aroturuki i ngā huringa o ngā puna wai i te wā whakaputa. Nā ngā auahatanga i roto i te keri whakapae me ngā tikanga whakaohooho i whai hua ai ngā rauemi uaua ki te whakaputa i mua. Ahakoa he maha ngā wā e hono ana ēnei hangarau ki te whakaputa kore tikanga, he nui te pānga ki te rapu me te aromatawai a te umanga i ngā rahui hinu.
I taua wā anō, ko te haumaru me te taiao ngā mea nui rawa atu. Nā ngā aituā ahumahi me ngā turuturu hinu kua akiaki i ngā paerewa hou mō te hoahoa puna, te ārai i te pahūtanga, me te urupare ohorere. Ehara i te mea ko te kimi hinu anake te kaupapa o te tūhuratanga hou, engari ko te mahi i tēnā me te kawenga.
Te Hinu me ngā Aronga o te Ao
Ko te hītori o te kitenga me te tūhuratanga hinu e whakaatu ana i tētahi mea: kua awehia tonutia e ngā hiahia o te tangata, te auahatanga hangarau, me ngā whanaketanga tōrangapū. Mai i te rerenga taiao i whakamahia e ngā iwi onamata ki te whakatauira ru whenua matatau, ko te haerenga o te hinu ko te haerenga o te iwi ahumahi tonu.
Engari kei te huri te heke mai o te pūngao. He maha ngā whenua e whakawhānui ana i te pūngao hou me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro. Heoi anō, kei te noho tonu te hinu hei wāhanga nui o te ōhanga o te ao, ehara i te mea hei wahie anake engari hei rauemi matū hinu mō ngā kirihou, ngā rongoā, ngā maniua, me ngā momo hua hou. Nō reira, ko te mārama ki te hītori o te tūhuratanga hinu ehara i te titiro noa ki ngā wā o mua, engari he pānui i te āhua o te hanganga o te ao i tana pūnaha pūngao—me pēhea hoki te haere tonu o taua pūnaha ki te huri i ngā tekau tau e haere ake nei.
Hei whakamutunga, he kōrero mātauranga te hinu: me pēhea te ako a te tangata ki te pānui i ngā tohu o te whenua, te uru ki ngā hohonutanga mā te hangarau, me te whakahaere i tētahi rauemi iti. Mai i ngā puna tawhito iti ki ngā mahi hohonu tino uaua, e whakaako ana tēnei hītori kei te whanake tonu te tūhuratanga—ā, ka puta tonu mai ngā hua me mārama ki te whakaaro nui.
