Te Hiranga o te Whakatakotoranga i roto i te Huringa Toka
Ko te whakatōtō tetahi o ngā tukanga matua e pupuri ana i ngā mīhini whenua o te Ao kia ora tonu. Ahakoa he maha ngā wā e ahua tawhiti ana i te oranga o ia rā, he mea nui te whakatōtō ki te hanga whenua, ki te tiaki i te hītori o te Ao, me te whakaputa rauemi hei whakamahi mā te tangata. I roto i te horopaki whenua, he wāhanga nui te whakatōtō i roto i te huringa toka—he huringa roa e huri ana i ngā toka mura, ngā toka metamorphic, me ngā toka sedimentary mai i tētahi āhua ki tētahi atu mā roto i ngā tukanga ā-tinana me te matū i roto i ngā miriona tau. Ko te mārama ki te hiranga o te whakatōtō ko te mārama ki te āhua o te hanganga, te whakahou, me te puranga o te mata o te Ao i roto i te wā.
He aha te whakatōpuku?
Ko te whakapūpū te tukanga o te whakatakoto i ngā mea totoka (parapara) i haria i mua e ngā mea kawe pēnei i te wai, te hau, te hukapapa (hukapapa), te kaha ā-papa rānei. Ka taea e te parapara te whakauru i te onepu, te paru, te uku, te kirikiri, te paru, ngā mea rauropi pēnei i ngā toenga tipu me ngā mea ora. Whai muri i te whakatakoto, ka taea e te parapara te kohikohi hei hanga paparanga. I roto i te wā roa rawa, ka taea e ēnei paparanga te whakakīkī me te whakapūmau kia huri rā anō hei toka parapara, he tukanga e kiia nei ko te whakapūpū.
Ehara i te mea ko te "tukunga" noa iho o ngā matūriki ki te takere o te awa, o te moana rānei te whakatōpara. He raupapa o ngā tukanga e hono tahi ana: te whakatōpara o te toka matua, te horo, te kawe i ngā whakatōpara, te whakatakotoranga, me ngā huringa i muri i te whakatakotoranga. Nō reira, ko te whakatōpara te hononga e pupuri ana i te huringa toka kia haere tonu.
Te whakapūpū i roto i te huringa toka
E whakaahua ana te huringa toka i ngā panonitanga o ngā momo toka matua e toru: te toka mura, te toka parataiao, me te toka āhua-whakaahua. Ko te parataiao te mea tino whai wāhi ki te hanganga o ngā toka parataiao, engari ka horapa atu ōna pānga ki ngā momo toka e rua.
1. Mai i ngā toka mura/whakaahua ki ngā toka parataiao
Ka pāngia ngā toka mura me ngā toka āhua-whakaahua i te mata o te Ao e te huarere ā-tinana (te pakaru nā te huringa pāmahana, te pakū, te hukapapa) me te huarere matū (ngā tauhohenga ki te wai me ngā hau). Kātahi ka mimiti te rauemi kua huarere, ka haria e ngā awa, e te hau, e ngā awa tio rānei. Ina heke te kaha kawe - hei tauira, ina uru te awa ki te roto, ki te awaawa, ki te moana rānei - ka tau te rauemi. Koinei te whakapūpū, te "kuaha" ki te hanganga toka whakapūpū.
2. Mai i te paru ki te toka paru
Ka whakakīkītia ngā paru kua kohia nā te pēhanga mai i ngā paparanga i runga ake i a rātou. Ka panaia te wai o ngā kōhao ki waho, ā, ka matotoru ake ngā kakano. Ka taea e ngā kohuke rewa (pērā i te calcite, te silica rānei) te whakakī i ngā āputa i waenganui i ngā kakano, ka whakapiri i ngā paru ki roto i te toka. Ko ngā toka ka puta ko te onepū, te paru, te konupūmā, te kōhatu pākeho, me te maha atu o ngā momo.
3. Mai i te toka parataiao ki te hurihanga, ā, ka hoki anō
Ki te hohonu ake te tanumia o ngā toka parataiao nā ngā nekehanga tektonika, ka piki ake te pēhanga me te pāmahana, ka hua ake te āhua o te whenua. I tetahi atu taha, ina ara ake ngā toka parataiao, ngā toka mura rānei ki te mata, ka pāngia rātou e te huarere me te horo, ā, ka puta he parataiao ka whakatakotoria anō. Ko te āhua o te parataiao he tukanga "hangarua" i te mata o te Ao.
Nō reira, ehara te whakatōtō i te wāhanga tāpiri noa iho, engari he tukanga matua e hono ana i te wāhanga whakangaromanga (te huarere-te horo) me te wāhanga hanganga (te whakapūmau me te hanganga o ngā momo toka hou).
He aha te hiranga o te whakatōpuku?
1. Te hanga i ngā toka parataiao me ngā āhua whenua
Ko te nuinga o ngā mata whenua e kapi ana i te toka parataiao. Ka hangaia e te parataiao he paparanga whānui, ka hangaia he awaawa, he mania waipuke, he putunga takutai, he onepū, tae atu ki ngā parataiao moana hohonu. Ko tētahi tauira e kitea whānuitia ana ko te hanganga o te awaawa awa: ka tau te parataiao e haria ana e te ia o te awa i a ia e tomo ana ki ngā wai marino, ka hangaia he whenua hou, he nui, he momona.
Ko ngā āhua whenua pēnei i ngā pari paparanga, ngā awaawa me ngā putunga waipara, ngā mania takutai e tipu haere tonu ana, he hua anō hoki nō te whakapūpūnga. Arā, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te mata o te Ao e ahu mai ana i te whakapūpūnga o te whenua.
2. Hoko hei "pūranga" o te hītori o te ao
Kei roto i ngā paparanga parataiao he tuhinga nui o ngā wā o mua: te huringa āhuarangi, te piki me te heke o te taumata o te moana, ngā mahi puia, tae atu ki ngā tohu o ngā aituā pēnei i te tsunami, i ngā horo whenua nui rānei. Nā te mea ka ata whakatakotoria ngā parataiao, he rite ngā paparanga ki ngā whārangi o te pukapuka, ka taea e ngā tohunga whenua te pānui i te raupapa o ngā kaupapa i runga i te kaupapa o te taupatupatu (kei raro i ngā paparanga taitamariki ngā paparanga tawhito, ki te kore e piko, e whakakorikoria rānei).
Ko ngā kōhatu parataiao te tikanga e tiakina ana. Nā tēnei, he mea nui te parataiao hei mārama ki te hītori o te ora i runga i te Ao, te whanaketanga, me ngā huringa o ngā taiao onamata.
3. Te whakahaere i te kounga o te oneone me te momona o te rohe
I ētahi wā, ka tāpirihia e te paru pai, whai kohuke te oneone i roto i ngā mania waipuke. He maha ngā wā ka hangaia e tēnei paru he oneone momona, ka taea ai e ngā iwi nunui te tupu i te taha o ngā awa—hei tauira, i ngā mania awaawa. I runga i te tauine ā-rohe, ka taea hoki e te paru te whakapai ake, te whakaiti rānei i te whenua, i runga i te momo paru me te kaha o te whakatakotoranga.
4. Whakaratohia ngā rauemi taiao nui
He maha ngā rauemi rautaki ka hangaia, ka kohia rānei i roto i ngā taiao parataiao:
– Wai whenua (wai āputa): Ka taea e ngā putunga onepū me te kirikiri mai i ngā awa, i ngā takutai moana rānei te huri hei wai āputa hei pupuri i te wai ma.
– Hinu me te hau: Ko te tikanga ka hangaia, ka mau i roto i ngā peihana parataiao, ina tanumia ngā rauemi rauropi, ka pakari i te wera, kātahi ka heke, ka rongoa ki roto i ngā toka puna wai.
– Waro: I hangaia mai i te kohikohinga o ngā tipu i roto i ngā repo tawhito, ā, i tanumia ki te paru.
– Ngā rauemi keri ahumahi: Pērā i te kōhatu papa mō te sima, te onepu kuata, te uku mō ngā uku, tae atu ki ngā putunga kei roto pea ngā kohuke taumaha (hei tauira, te ilmenite, te koura rānei i raro i ētahi āhuatanga).
Ki te kore te oneone, e kore e hangaia ngā puna oneone e mahi ana hei "wheketere" me hei "whare putunga" mō ēnei rauemi.
5. Te awe i ngā whanaketanga taiao me ngā mōrearea āwhati
E hono ana hoki te oneone ki ngā take taiao. Mā te nui rawa o te oneone ka pāpaku ake ngā awa me ngā puna wai, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te waipuke, ka whakararuraru i te whakatere, ā, ka kino hoki ngā nohanga wai pērā i ngā toka korara, i ngā moenga tarutaru moana rānei, mena ka nui ake te paru o te wai i te oneone.
I ngā rohe takutai, ko te taurite i waenga i te whakatōpara me te horo e whakatau ana mēnā ka neke whakamua, ka pumau, ka hoki whakamuri rānei te takutai. Hei tauira, ko te whakaiti i te tuku o ngā paru nā ngā tāpua ka tere ake te horo o te takutai nā te mea kāore e ranea te rauemi whakakapinga hei tu atu ki te kaha o te ngaru.
Ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te whakatōpuku
Ko te tukanga whakatōpuku ka whakatauhia e ētahi āhuatanga matua:
1. Pūngao o te kawe i ngā mea: Ka taea e ngā ia kaha te kawe i ngā kirikiri nunui; ka taea e ngā ia ngoikore te kawe i ngā mea angiangi.
2. Te rahi me te āhua o te kōpura: Ka tere ake te taunga o te paru taratara, ka roa ake te rere o te paru angiangi.
3. Te āhua o te whenua me te pari o te whenua: Ka tere ake te horo me te tuku o te paru i ngā pari pari.
4. Āhuarangi: Ka pā te ua, te tipu, me ngā huringa huka-rewa ki te huarere me te rere o te awa.
5. Ngā mahi nekenekehanga: Ka whakanuia te horo o te whenua e te hikitanga; ka hangaia he wāhi mō te kohikohinga o te paru e te hanganga o te puna.
Nā te taunekeneke o ēnei āhuatanga ka puta he momo taiao whakatakoto whenua, pērā i ngā awa (ngā awaawa), ngā roto (ngā awaawa o te moana), ngā awaawa o te moana iti, ngā takutai moana, ngā koraha (ngā awa o te moana e toe ana), tae noa ki ngā moana hohonu.
Te Katinga
He tukanga taketake te whakatōtō i roto i te huringa toka nā te mea he piriti i waenganui i te whakangaromanga o ngā toka tawhito me te hanganga o ngā mea hou. Mā te whakatōtō, ka haria ngā rauemi kua pakaru me te memeha, ka whakatakotoria, kātahi ka hurihia hei toka whakatōtō, e noho ana i ngā wāhi maha o te mata o te Ao. Hei tāpiri, ka tiakina e te whakatōtō he hītori o mua, ka hanga oneone momona, ka whakarato rauemi taiao, ā, ka awe i ngā āhuatanga taiao me te mōrearea ā-pāwera.
Mā te mārama ki te hiranga o te whakatōtō, ka kite tātou ehara a Papatūānuku i te pūnaha pumau. Kei te huri tonu, kei te whakarite anō i ana rauemi, ā, kei te tuhi i tōna ake hītori i roto i ngā paparanga o te whakatōtō e hanga pōturi ana—engari he pono—i roto i ngā tauine whenua whānui.
