Te Whakamahinga o te Matawhenua i roto i te Ahumahi Hanga
Whakaari
Ko te matawhenua te ako i te aorangi o Papatūānuku, ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana, me ngā tukanga e hanga ana i tōna āhua. I roto i te umanga hanga, he mahi nui tā te matawhenua. Mai i te whiriwhiri i te wāhi ki te otinga o te kaupapa, ka āwhina te mōhiotanga matawhenua i ngā miihini me ngā kaihoahoa ki te whakatau whai whakaaro mō ngā rauemi, te hanganga oneone, me ngā mōrearea pea. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga maha o te whakamahinga o te matawhenua i roto i te umanga hanga, mai i te rangahau oneone me te whiriwhiri rauemi ki te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea matawhenua.
Te Rangahau Oneone
Te Whakatau i te Tauwāhi
Ko te mahi whakaputa-mua te wāhanga tuatahi o tētahi kaupapa hanga. Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui o tēnei wāhanga ko te rangahau whenua hei whakatau i te pai o te wāhi. Kei roto i tēnei tukanga ngā rangahau papamahi me ngā rangahau mara hei aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga maha pēnei i:
– Te pumau o te oneone
– Te hohonutanga o te wai whenua
– Te horo pea
– Te tūponotanga o ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te rū whenua, te horo whenua rānei
Hei tauira, ki te kore e pumau te oneone i tētahi wāhi pea, me whai whakaaro pea ngā kaihangarau ki ētahi tikanga pēnei i te whakatō pou, te tāwharau rānei hei whakanui ake i te kaha hanganga o te oneone.
Whakamātautau oneone
I muri i te whakatau tuatahi i te wāhi, ko te taahiraa e whai ake nei ko te whakamātautau oneone. Kei roto i tēnei whakamātautau he maha ngā tikanga, pērā i te keri tauira, te whakamātautau taiwhanga, me te whakamātautau parae, hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te oneone. Ko ētahi momo whakamātautau noa ko:
– Whakamātautau Pūmau: Ka whakatau i te kaha me te matotoru o te oneone
– Whakamātautau Ātete: Aromatawai i te kaha o te oneone ki te mimiti i te wai
– Whakamātautau Kaha Kutikuti: E ine ana i te ātete o te oneone ki te waku
Ko ngā raraunga i whiwhi mai i tēnei whakamātautau oneone he mōhiohio nui hei whakamahi mā te hoahoa i ngā turanga me ngā hanganga whare.
Kōwhiringa Rauemi Hanga
Ngā Rauemi Hanga
He mea nui anō hoki te mahi a te matawhenua i roto i te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi hanga mō tētahi kaupapa hanga. Ko te kōhatu, te onepu, te kirikiri, me te uku ētahi o ngā rauemi matua i ahu mai i ngā putunga matawhenua. Me rite ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o ēnei rauemi ki ngā hiahia motuhake o te kaupapa kia mau ai te hanganga me te pakari.
Oneone
He wāhanga nui te onepu i roto i te hanga raima me te moata. Ka pā te pūtake me te momo onepu e whakamahia ana ki te kaha me te roa o te raima. Hei tauira, ko te onepu mai i ngā putunga oneone he ma ake, ā, he ōrite ake ngā matūriki, nā reira i pai ake ai mō ngā mahi hanga.
Stone
He maha ngā momo kōhatu e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi hanga whare, pērā i te kōhatu mura, te kōhatu oneone, me te kōhatu āhua-whakaahua. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te karāneti hei whakakikorua i waho nā te mea he kaha tōna, he ātete hoki ki te huarere. I taua wā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te kōhatu papatahi hei hanga sima.
Ngā Rauemi Kohuke
Ka pāngia hoki te umanga hanga e ngā rauemi kohuke kua tautuhia, kua arotakengia hoki mā roto i ngā rangahau matawhenua. He mea nui ngā rauemi pēnei i te gypsum, te uku, me te pākeho i roto i te hanga o ngā hua hanga pēnei i te papa gypsum, te sima, me te pereki.
Te Hoahoa Hanganga me ngā Tūāpapa
Te Tūāpapa Hanga
Ko te hoahoa o te turanga tētahi o ngā mea tino nui o te hanganga whare. Ka taea e ngā turanga hē te arahi ki ngā momo raruraru hanganga, tae atu ki te nekehanga, te ngatata, tae atu ki te hinganga katoa. He mea nui ngā raraunga matawhenua hei whakatau i te hoahoa turanga tika. Me whai whakaaro ki ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te stratigraphy, ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te oneone, me ngā āhuatanga o te wai whenua.
Tūāpapa Papaku
Ko ngā turanga papaku, pērā i ngā papa me ngā pereti, ka whakamahia i te nuinga o te wā ina he kaha te oneone mata hei tautoko i ngā kawenga o te hanganga. Mā ngā raraunga mai i te whakamātautau oneone ka āwhina i ngā kaihangarau ki te whakatau i te hohonu me ngā rahinga turanga tino pai.
Pūtake Hōhonu
Ki te kore e ranea te oneone o te mata, ka whakamahia ngā turanga hohonu pēnei i ngā pou, i ngā puna rānei. Mā ngā rangahau matawhenua ka taea te whakatau i te roa me te momo pou e hiahiatia ana, me te tikanga tāutanga tino whai hua hei whakarite i te pumau.
Ngā Taiepa Pupuri me ngā Pareparenga
Mō ngā kaupapa e pā ana ki ngā panonitanga nui ki te teitei o te whenua, pērā i ngā huarahi tere, ngā whare teitei rānei, he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana ngā taiepa pupuri me ngā pareparenga. Mā ngā rangahau matawhenua ka whakaratohia he mōhiohio nui mō te pumau o te pari me te pēhanga oneone, he mea nui tēnei mō te hoahoa i ngā hanganga pupuri haumaru, whai hua hoki.
Te Whakaiti i te Mōrearea Ā-Ao
Ngā āhuatanga ā-taiao
He tino mōrearea ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i ngā rū whenua, ngā horo whenua, me ngā waipuke ki tētahi kaupapa hanga. Ka taea e ngā rangahau matawhenua te āwhina i te tautuhi i ēnei mōrearea me te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki whakaiti tika. Hei tauira:
– I ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te rū whenua, me hoahoa pea ngā whare ki ngā pūnaha hanganga ngāwari hei mimiti i ngā wiri rū whenua.
– I ngā wāhi e tere ana te horo whenua, ka whiriwhiri pea ngā miihini i ngā tikanga whakau pari, i ngā pūnaha waikeri whai hua rānei hei whakaiti i te mōrearea.
Te Hurihanga Whenua
Ko te whakarerekētanga o te whenua, pērā i te totohu, te waimeha rānei, he tūponotanga ka taea te tautuhi mā roto i ngā rangahau whenua. Ko ngā mahi whakaiti i te āhua o te whenua ko te whakapai ake i te oneone me ngā mea whakau, te whakamahi i ngā turanga hohonu, te whakapakari rānei i ngā hanganga whare.
Ngā Rangahau Waiwhenua
Ka pā nui te wai whenua ki te pumau o te oneone me ngā hanganga whare. Mā ngā rangahau waiwhenua ka mārama ki te whanonga me te tohatoha o te waiwhenua, he mea nui tēnei mō ngā kaupapa hanga whenua pēnei i ngā kauhanga, ngā rūma o raro, me ngā turanga hohonu. Ko tētahi pūnaha rerenga wai pai i runga i te papa hanga he hua o tētahi tātari waiwhenua tika.
Te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau i roto i te Hangarau Hanga
Te Pūrongo Mamao me te GIS
He taputapu kaha ngā hangarau pūoko mamao me ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua (GIS) e whakamahia ana i roto i te tātari whenua. Ka whakaratohia e ngā raraunga mai i ngā amiorangi, ngā lidar, me ngā drones he mōhiohio kounga teitei mō te āhua o te whenua me ngā āhuatanga o te oneone, he mea whai hua tēnei i roto i te whakamahere me te hoahoa o ngā kaupapa hanga.
Te Whakatauira Hangarau Whenua
Mā te whakatauira rorohiko i roto i ngā hangarau whenua ka taea te whakatauira tika ake i ngā āhuatanga o te oneone me ngā whanonga hanganga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa matatau, ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te matapae i te urupare o te oneone ki ngā kawenga me ngā āhuatanga taiao, ka taea ai te whakamahere taipitopito ake me te whakaiti i te mōrearea.
Whakamutunga
Kāore e taea te whakanui rawa i te hiranga o te matawhenua i roto i te umanga hanga. Mai i ngā rangahautanga tuatahi ki te hoahoa turanga me te whiriwhiri rauemi, ka tukuna e te matawhenua ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga nui hei whakarite i te haumaru, te whai huatanga, me te pumau o ngā kaupapa hanga. Mā te whakaurunga tika o te pūtaiao matawhenua me te hangarau hou, ka taea e ngā miihini me ngā kaihoahoa te wikitoria i ngā wero, te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea, me te hanga i ngā hanganga kaha, pakari.
Ehara i te mea ko te mōhiotanga pakari ki te whenua anake ka tāpiri uara ki ngā kaupapa hanga engari ka āwhina hoki ki te tiaki i ngā rawa me ngā oranga tangata mai i ngā tūponotanga kino o te taiao. Nō reira, ko te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā tohunga whenua me ngā tohunga hanga he mea nui ki te aro angitu ki ngā wero o ngā kaupapa hanga ā muri ake nei.
