Te Tāutu i ngā Rauemi Pūngao
Kua roa te whakamahinga a te tangata i ngā rauemi waiariki mō ngā momo kaupapa, mai i ngā kaukau wera ki te whakaputa hiko. He nui te pūmanawa pūngao mai i te pūtake o te Ao, tata kore mutunga, me te iti noa o te pānga ki te taiao ki te whakataurite ki ngā wahie pūmua. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou me pēhea te tautuhi i ngā rauemi waiariki, mai i te māramatanga taketake ki ngā tikanga me ngā hangarau e whakamahia ana.
Whakamāramatanga me ngā Mātāpono Taketake
I ahu mai te kupu Geothermal i ngā kupu "geo," arā, ko te tikanga o te whenua, me te kupu "thermos," arā, ko te tikanga o te wera. Ko te pūngao Geothermal he wera e ahu mai ana i roto i te Ao. Ka puta tēnei hanganga wera nā te pirau irahiko i roto i te pūtake o te Ao me te whakawhiti wera mai i te papa ki te kirinuku. I te nuinga o te wā, kei roto ngā rauemi Geothermal i te āhua o te wera me ngā wai (te mamaoa, te wai wera rānei) e rongoatia ana i roto i ngā hanganga whenua.
Ko ngā whakamahinga matua o te pūngao waiariki ko te whakamahana tika me te whakaputa hiko. Nō reira, he mea nui te tautuhi i ngā wāhi kei reira te pūmanawa waiariki mō te tūhuratanga me te whakahaere i tēnei rauemi.
Te Tukanga Tāutu Rauemi Pūngāwerewere
Me whai mātauranga matatau me te hangarau matatau ki te tautuhi i ngā rauemi waiariki. Ko ngā mahi whānui e whai ake nei mō te tautuhi i ngā rauemi waiariki:
1. Ngā Rangahau Matawhenua Tuatahi
Ko ngā rangahau whenua tuatahi te taahiraa tuatahi ki te tautuhi i te pūmanawa waiariki. Ka ako ngā tohunga whenua i ngā mapi whenua kia mārama ai ki ngā hanganga toka, ngā hapa, me ētahi atu āhuatanga whenua ka puta ai te kohikohinga wera. Hei tāpiri, ko ēnei rangahau he hanga mapi pāmahana mata, e whakaatu ana i ngā wāhi he teitei ake te pāmahana i ō rātou taiao, e tohu ana pea i te aroaro o te pūngao waiariki i raro i te mata.
I roto hoki i tēnei rangahau te tātari i te hītori whenua me te hītori puia o te rohe. Ko ētahi o ngā puna waiariki tino whai hua kei te taha o ngā puia, o ngā wāhi rānei he nui te mahi tektonika. Ko ētahi tauira rongonui ko Ngā Geysers i California, USA, me te Kamojang Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) i Indonesia.
2. Te Aromatawai Ā-whenua
Ka whakamahia ngā rangahau ā-whenua hei tiki raraunga o raro i te mata, me te kore e keri tika. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga rangahau ā-whenua e whakamahia ana ko:
– Magnetotellurics (MT): Ka ine tēnei tikanga i te ātete hiko o ngā toka, ā, ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā wai wera i raro i te mata.
– Te kaha ā-papatipu: Te ine i ngā rerekētanga iti o te kaha ā-papatipu i runga i te mata o te Ao hei tautuhi i ngā hanganga o raro whenua pērā i ngā hapa me ngā rūma magma.
– Whakaata Rūwhenua: Ka hopu i ngā ngaru oro e whakaatahia ana mai i ngā paparanga o ngā toka hei mahere i te hanganga whenua i raro i te mata.
Ka tātarihia ngā raraunga mai i ngā rangahau matawhenua mā te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa motuhake e taea ai te whakamārama tirohanga o ngā hanganga matawhenua i raro i te mata o Papatūānuku.
3. Te Aromatawai Matū Whenua
Ko ngā rangahau matū whenua e uru ana ki te tango tauira oneone, wai, me te hau mai i ngā wāhi e whakapaetia ana he pūmanawa waiariki. Ko te whāinga o te tātari matū o ēnei tauira he kite i ngā āhuatanga matū rerekē e pā ana ki te noho mai o ngā waiariki. Ko ētahi o ngā huānga matū noa i kitea i roto i ngā rangahau matū whenua ko te mercury, te boron, me ngā hau pērā i te radon me te helium. Ko te nui o ngā kukū o ēnei hau ka tohu i te mahi waiariki i raro i te whenua.
4. Te Keri Tuhura
Ko te keri tūhura te taahiraa tino tika me te tino whakatau ki te tautuhi i ngā rauemi waiariki. Ka mahia te keri hei tiki i ngā tauira toka me te wai tika mai i te puna waiariki. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei mahi keri he mōhiohio nui pēnei i te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te hanganga matū o te waiariki. He utu nui te keri tūhura, ā, me whai taputapu motuhake, engari ka whakaratohia he raraunga tino tika e pā ana ki te pūmanawa waiariki.
5. Whakamātautau Hua
I muri i te kimi angitu o tētahi rauemi waiariki i te keri tūhura, ka whakahaerehia he whakamātautau hua hei whakatau i te kaha whakaputa pea. Ko tēnei tikanga he ine i ngā tere rere wai me ngā pāmahana i roto i te wā hei whakarite i te pumau me te kaha whakaputa o te puna waiariki. Ka taea hoki e tēnei whakamātautau te āwhina i te whakamahere i te whakahaere pai o ngā tipu hiko me ngā pūnaha whakamahana.
Hangarau Hou mō te Tāututanga Pūngao-Nui
Nā ngā whanaketanga hangarau kua pai ake te mahi tautuhi i ngā rauemi waiariki, ā, kua tika ake hoki. Ko ētahi o ngā hangarau hou e whakamahia ana i roto i tēnei mahi ko:
– Te Pūrongo Mamao: Te whakamahi i ngā amiorangi me ngā waka rererangi kore-rangi hei kohikohi i ngā raraunga tino tika mō ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te mata me te wera. Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea te mahere whenua nui i te utu iti.
– Pūmanawa Whakatauira Pūnaha Ā-Whare: He pūmanawa rorohiko e whakamahia ana hei whakatauira me te matapae i te pūmanawa pūnaha ā-whenua i runga i ngā raraunga ā-whenua, ā-matū, me te keri. Mā tēnei kaupapa ka āwhina i a koe ki te whakatau i ngā whakataunga tūhuratanga kia whai whakaaro nui ake.
– Ngā Pūnaha Pūnaha Āhuarangi Whakarei (EGS): He hangarau auaha e āhei ai te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi pūnawai i ngā wāhi kāore i wātea i mua nā te ātete nui, nā te kore rānei o ngā wai pūnawai tūturu. Ka mahi te EGS mā te whakauru i ngā wai ki roto i te pūnaha toka wera hei hanga i tētahi puna pūnawai horihori.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ōhanga me te Taiao
Ehara i te mea he take hangarau anake te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi waiariki; me whai whakaaro hoki ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga me te taiao. Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua o te pūngao waiariki ko te iti o ngā tukunga waro ki te whakataurite ki ngā tipu hiko pūngao-pūmua. Heoi anō, he wero anō hoki te whakamahinga o te pūngao waiariki, pērā i te kaha o te rū whenua me te whakahaere i ngā para waiariki kei roto ngā matū.
I te taha ōhanga, he mea nui ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā utu tūhuratanga me te keri tuatahi, ngā utu hiko, me ngā whakatenatena a te kāwanatanga ki te angitu o ngā kaupapa waiariki. He maha ngā whenua e tuku ana i ngā whakatenatena pūtea, pēnei i ngā tautoko, i ngā whakahekenga taake rānei, hei whakatenatena i te whanaketanga o te pūngao waiariki.
Whakamutunga
He tukanga uaua te tautuhi i ngā rauemi waiariki e uru ana ki tētahi huarahi maha-mātauranga, tae atu ki te matawhenua, te ahupūngao whenua, te matū whenua, me te hangarau keri. Nā ngā whanaketanga hangarau kua pai ake te whai hua me te tika o tēnei tukanga, kua huaki te kuaha ki te whakamahinga whānui o te pūngao waiariki hei puna pūngao ma, pumau hoki. Ko te hopu i te pūmanawa katoa o ēnei rauemi me whai mahi tahi i waenga i te ahumahi, te kāwanatanga, me te hapori pūtaiao ki te aro atu ki ngā wero hangarau, ōhanga, me te taiao. Tērā pea he wāhanga nui o te otinga ā-ao te pūngao waiariki hei aro atu ki te huringa āhuarangi me te whakarato hiko ma mō ngā rā kei te heke mai.
