Me pēhea te ine i te mārō o te kohuke
Pendahuluan
He āhuatanga ā-tinana nui te pakeketanga o ngā kohuke i roto i te matawhenua me te ako i ngā kohuke. E pā ana tēnei āhuatanga ki te ātete o te kohuke ki te rakuraku, ki te pakū rānei. Ko te ine i te pakeketanga o ngā kohuke he tukanga e hiahia ana ki ngā tikanga me ngā taputapu e tika ana kia puta ai ngā hua tika. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga maha mō te ine i te pakeketanga o ngā kohuke, mai i ngā tikanga paerewa pēnei i te tauine Mohs ki ngā tikanga matatau ake pēnei i te whakamātautau pakeketanga o Vickers.
Tauine Mohs: Tikanga Taketake
Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga māmā rawa, me te tino mōhiotia mō te ine i te pakeketanga o ngā kohuke ko te tauine Mohs. Nā te tohunga keri kohuke a Friedrich Mohs i whakauru mai i te tau 1812, ka whakarōpūhia e te tauine Mohs ngā kohuke i runga i tō rātou kaha ki te waru, ki te waru rānei e ētahi atu kohuke. Kei roto i te tauine he 10 ngā kohuke tohutoro kua tohaina he tau pakeke mai i te 1 (te kohuke tino ngawari, te talc) ki te 10 (te kohuke tino mārō, te taimana).
Ngā Hipanga hei Whakamahi i te Tauine Mohs:
1. Whakaritea te Tauira: Tīpakohia te kohuke e hiahia ana koe ki te whakamātautau, ā, kia tino ma te mata, kia kore hoki he poke ka pā ki ngā hua.
2. Te Tautuhinga Tohutoro: Whakaritea he huinga kohuke tohutoro mai i te tauine Mohs e whakauru ana i te talc (1), te gypsum (2), te calcite (3), te fluorite (4), te apatite (5), te feldspar (6), te quartz (7), te topaz (8), te corundum (9), me te taimana (10).
3. Whakamātautauhia he Rakuraku: Miria te kohuke tohutoro ki te tauira e whakamatautauria ana. Mena ka rakurakuhia te tauira e te kohuke tohutoro, he iti iho te pakeke o te tauira i te pakeke o te kohuke tohutoro. Ki te kore, he teitei ake te pakeke o te tauira.
4. Tuhia ngā Hua: Whakatauhia te tūnga o tō tauira i te tauine Mohs i runga i ngā hua o te whakamātautau karawarawa.
Tauira tauira:
Mena ka rakurakuhia tō tauira e te konupūmā (pakeke 3), engari kāore e taea e te kōwhai (pakeke 4) te rakuraku i tō tauira, kei waenga i te 3 me te 4 te pakeke o tō kohuke i te tauine Mohs.
He tino rongonui tēnei tikanga nā tōna māmā, engari he iti anō hoki ōna ngoikoretanga, inā koa mō te tika me te pūmau i ngā uara pakeke waenga.
Whakamātautau Pakari a Vickers
He tikanga matatau te tikanga Vickers e whakamahia ana hei ine i te pakeketanga o ngā kohuke me te taipitopito me te tika. Ko tēnei tikanga he pēhi i tētahi piramiti taimana ki te mata o ngā kohuke me te kaha motuhake. Kātahi ka inehia te hohonutanga, te whānui rānei o te karawarawa ka puta hei whakatau i te pakeketanga o Vickers (HV).
Ngā Hipanga hei Whakamahi i te Tikanga Vickers:
1. Whakaritea te Tauira: Tapahia, ka whakakanapahia te tauira kohuke kia tino maeneene te mata.
2. Whakaritea te Utauta Whakamātautau Vickers: Ko tēnei taputapu he piramita taimana me te karu hiko hei ine i te piko.
3. Whakamātautauhia te Pēhanga: Pēhia te piramiti taimana ki runga i te mata o te kohuke me te kaha motuhake, ka pupuri mō tētahi wā.
4. Inehia te Piko: Inehia te whānui o te piko ka puta mā te whakamahi i tētahi karuārai kua whakauruhia ki te taputapu whakamātautau.
5. Tātaihia te Mārō o Vickers: Whakamahia te tātai i homai e te tikanga Vickers hei tātai i te mārō. Ka taea te whakatakoto i te mārō o Vickers hei HV = 1.854 F/D², ko F te kaha pēhi i roto i te kaha kirokaramu (kgf) ā, ko D te diameter o te kōhao i roto i ngā mirimita.
Whakamātautau Pakeke Brinell
Ko te tikanga Brinell tētahi atu tikanga e whakamahia ana mō ngā rauemi ngohengohe, pakarukaru rānei. Ka whakamahia e tēnei pūnaha he poro maitai, he poro karāhe rānei kua pēhia ki te mata o te rauemi me te kaha motuhake. Ka inehia te diameter kōhao ka puta hei whakatau i te uara pakeke Brinell (HB).
Ngā Hipanga hei Whakamahi i te Tikanga Brinell:
1. Whakaritea te Tauira: Me papatahi te mata o te kohuke, ā, me kore he poke.
2. Whakaritea ngā Taputapu Whakamātautau Brinell: Ko te tikanga he pōro maitai me te karu hiko hei ine i te kōhao.
3. Whakamātautauhia te Pēhanga: Pēhia he pōro maitai ki runga i te mata o te kohuke me te kaha kua whakaritea, ka pupuri mō tētahi wā.
4. Inehia te Piko: Inehia te whānui o te piko mā te whakamahi i te karuārai mariko.
5. Tātaihia te Mārō o Brinell: Whakamahia te tātai HB = 2F / (πD(D – sqrt(D² – d²))), ko F te kaha pēhi i roto i ngā newton, ko D te whānui o te pōro whakamātautau, ā, ko d te whānui o te kōhao.
Ngā Tikanga Tāpiri
Haunga ngā tikanga kua whakahuatia ake nei, he maha atu anō ngā tikanga mō te ine i te pakeketanga o ngā kohuke, pērā i te tikanga Knoop, te tikanga Rockwell, me te whakamātautau pakeketanga iti mā te whakamahi i te nanoindentation. He painga me he ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga, engari ko te whāinga o ia tikanga he whakaputa raraunga me te tino tika me te taipitopito.
Tikanga Knoop
He tikanga rite te whakamātautau pakeke o Knoop (KHN) ki te tikanga Vickers, engari he momo kōhao piramita tapatoru te whakamahi. He tikanga tēnei e whakamahia ana hei whakamātautau i ngā rauemi tino angiangi, pakarukaru rānei.
Tikanga Rockwell
Ko te whakamātautau pakeke o Rockwell he tikanga e whakamahi ana i tētahi kōhao porowhita, kōniko rānei hei ine i te hohonutanga o te urunga ki roto i tētahi rauemi i raro i te kawenga. Ka tatauhia te uara mā te whakatairite i te hohonutanga o te urunga o te kōhao i mua me muri i te pānga o te kaha.
Tohunga Nano
Ko tētahi tikanga hou, matatau ake, ko te nanoindentation, ko te whakamahi i tētahi indentor iti rawa hei ine i ngā āhuatanga hangarau o ngā rauemi i te nanoscale. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te ako i ngā āhuatanga hanganga moroiti o ngā kohuke.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te ine i te pakeketanga o ngā kohuke i roto i te matawhenua me te ako i ngā kohuke. Ko ngā tikanga ine i te pakeketanga mai i ngā tikanga māmā pēnei i te tauine Mohs ki ngā tikanga matatau pēnei i ngā whakamātautau pakeketanga o Vickers, Brinell, me Knoop. Ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo kohuke e whakamatautauria ana me te taumata tika e hiahiatia ana. Mā te mōhio ki ēnei tikanga, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā tohunga hangarau te mārama me te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā kohuke mō ngā momo tono, mai i te rangahau pūtaiao ki te ahumahi.
