Me pēhea te whakatau i te kounga o te wai whenua
Ko te wai whenua tētahi o ngā puna wai ma e whakamahia whānuitia ana, inā koa i ngā wāhi kāore he ratonga wai paipa. He maha ngā whare e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā puna keria, ki ngā puna rānei hei inu, hei tunu kai, hei kaukau, hei horoi hoki. Heoi, kāore e haumaru te whakamahi i ngā wai whenua katoa. Ka heke te kounga o te wai whenua nā ngā āhuatanga whenua, ngā mahi a te tangata, ngā para o te whare, ngā ahumahi, ngā ahuwhenua, ngā urunga wai moana rānei. Nō reira, he mea nui kia mārama ki te whakatau tika i te kounga o te wai whenua, mā roto i ngā tirohanga tuatahi me ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga.
1. Kia mārama ki ngā pūtake me ngā mōrearea o te parahanga wai whenua
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te whakatau i te kounga o te wai whenua ko te mārama ki te pūtake mai o te wai me ōna tūponotanga. Ka hangaia te wai whenua mai i te urunga mai o te wai ua, ka mimiti ki roto i te whenua, ā, ka rongoatia ki roto i ngā puna wai. I a ia e haere ana, ka taea e te wai te whakarewa i ngā kohuke taiao pērā i te rino, te manganese, te raima rānei. Ehara tēnei i te mea kino i ngā wā katoa, engari ka pā ki te reka, te kakara, me te āhua o te wai.
Ka piki ake te mōrearea o te poke mena kei te taha o te puna he puna waikura, he wāhi tuku para o te whare, he pā kararehe, he pāmu raihi me ngā maniua matū, he wāhi ahumahi rānei. Hei tāpiri, kei te mōrearea ngā takutai moana ki te urunga mai o te wai moana, ka tote ai te wai whenua. Mā te mahere i te taiao huri noa i te puna ka āwhina i te matapae he aha ngā poke kei roto.
2. Whakamātautau ā-tinana: te tae, te kakara, te reka, me te pōuri
Ko te whakamātautau tinana te huarahi māmā me te iti rawa o te utu hei whakaatu i te tohu wawe. Ahakoa kāore e taea te whakakapi i ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga, he mea nui kia kitea ai ngā raruraru e kitea ana.
– Tae wai: He mārama te nuinga o te wā mēnā he pai te wai whenua. Ko te tae kōwhai, parauri rānei e tohu ana i te nui o te rino, te konupora rānei. Ko te tae kapua e tohu ana i ngā matūriki oneone, i te paru, i te poke rānei.
– Kakara: Ko te kakara ika, oneone, pirau rānei o te hua manu (hauwai whanariki) he tohu pea i tētahi raruraru matū, raruraru moroiti rānei. Ko te kakara paru, paru rānei he tohu pea i te poke o te whare.
– Te reka: Tērā pea he tohu te reka tote i te urunga mai o te wai moana, i te nui rānei o te pūhaumāota. Tērā pea he pānga o ngā reka kawa, kawa rānei ki ētahi ihirangi kohuke. Heoi, kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakamātauria te wai kāore anō kia whakamatautauria mēnā e whakapaetia ana he poke.
– Te paru: Ehara i te mea he ātaahua noa te wai paru engari ka taea hoki te tiaki i ngā moroiti mai i te patu huakita. Mena he kapua te wai i muri i te ua, tera pea he turuturu, he urunga wai mata rānei ki roto i te puna.
3. Te ine i ngā tawhā māmā me ngā taputapu mara
He maha ngā kete whakamātautau māmā e wātea ana ināianei ka taea te whakamahi i te kāinga, i te mara rānei. Kāore ēnei i te tino tika pērā i ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga, engari he āwhina hei taputapu tirotiro tuatahi.
– pH (te nui o te waikawa): Ko te pH noa o te wai kei waenga i te 6,5 me te 8,5. Ka taea e te wai waikawa rawa te waikura i ngā paipa me te whakarewa i te konganuku, engari ko te wai kawakore rawa ka taea te whakaputa i te reka kino me te paru.
– TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): Ko te TDS e tohu ana i te nui o ngā matū rewa pērā i ngā kohuke me ngā tote. Ka taea e te TDS teitei te whakareka i te wai kia tote, kia "taumaha" rānei, ā, e tohu ana i te nui rawa o te kohuke.
– Te kawe hiko (EC): I te nuinga o te wā ka rite ki te TDS. He maha ngā wā ka kitea te EC teitei i ngā rohe takutai moana, i ngā rohe rānei he nui te tote.
– Pāmahana: Ko ngā huringa pāmahana rerekē ka tohu pea i te awe o te wai mata, o te āhua rānei o te puna kāore i te tino tiakina.
Mā te tuhi i ngā hua ine i ia wā, i ia wā, ka taea e koe te kite i ngā ia o ngā panonitanga o te kounga wai i roto i te wā.
4. Ngā whakamātautau matū: te rino, te manganese, te nitrate, te pakeketanga, me ngā konganuku taumaha
He mea nui te whakamātautau matū nā te mea kāore e taea te tautuhi i ētahi matū mā te āhua anake. He maha ngā wā ka whakamatautauria ngā tawhā e whai ake nei:
– Rino (Fe) me te manganese (Mn): Mā te nui o te wai ka huri hei kōwhai-parauri, ka poke ngā kākahu me ngā uku, ā, ka puta he reka me he kakara. Kāore ēnei i te tino paitini, engari ka pā ki te kounga o te wai me te whakaurunga.
– Ngā nitrates me ngā nitrite: He maha ngā wā ka puta mai i ngā maniua ahuwhenua, i te turuturu rānei o te puna waikura. He tino morearea ngā nitrates mō ngā pēpi nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakararu i te mate toto (methemoglobinemia).
– Te pakeketanga (konupūmā me te konupora): Nā te pakeketanga nui ka pupū ake ngā unahi i runga i ngā whakamahana wai, ngā paipa me ngā taputapu o te whare, ā, ka uaua ai te puta o te huka i roto i te hopi.
– Te hauota me te whanariki: Ko te hauota nui e tohu ana i te wai tote, i te uruhanga mai rānei o te moana. Ka taea e te hauota nui te whakaputa i te reka kawa, ā, ka pāngia hoki te pūnaha nakunaku e ētahi tāngata.
– Ngā konganuku taumaha (mata, āheniki, cadmium, mercury): He tawhā tino nui tēnei i ngā wāhi e tata ana ki ngā ahumahi, ki te keri maina, ki ētahi wāhi whenua rānei. He morearea ngā konganuku taumaha ahakoa he iti ngā taumata, ā, he roa te pānga ki a rātou.
Me whakahaere te whakamātautau matū i roto i tētahi taiwhanga whaimana kia pono ai ngā hua.
5. Ngā whakamātautau moroiti: E. coli me ngā huakita coliform
Ko ngā āhuatanga moroiti te mea tino nui ina whakamahia te wai whenua hei inu. Kāore te puna e mārama ana te āhua e kore e puta he huakita. Ko te tikanga, ko te paru o te tangata, o te kararehe rānei ka puta mai i ngā paru moroiti.
– Ko te koriform katoa: He tohu whānui mō te poke o te taiao.
– E. coli: He tohu motuhake tēnei mō te poke o te paru, ā, ko tōna aroaro e tohu ana kāore e haumaru te inu i te wai mēnā kāore he maimoatanga.
Mena ka kitea he E. coli i ngā hua o te whakamātautau, me horoi te wai kia kore ai e pangia, ā, me kimi te pūtake o te poke, hei tauira, he tata rawa te puna ki te puna waikura, kāore rānei i te tika te hanganga o te puna.
6. Aromatawai i te hanganga o te puna me te akuaku
Ehara i te mea ko te whakamātautau noa i te wai tonu te take o te whakatau i te kounga o te wai whenua, engari ko te tirotiro anō hoki i te āhua o te puna. He maha ngā take o te poke ka puta mai nā te mea kāore ngā puna e tutuki i ngā paerewa akuaku.
Ngā mea hei mōhio:
– Me teitei ake te taha o te puna i te mata o te whenua e karapoti ana kia kore ai e uru te wai e rere ana.
– Me whai papa ārai wai te puna, me tētahi waikeri hoki kia kore ai e noho pūmau te wai kua whakamahia.
– Me piri tonu ngā pakitara o te puna, te paipa rānei o te anga hei ārai i te turuturu o te wai i runga i te mata.
– Me tika te tawhiti haumaru mai i ngā puna paru, ngā whare pupuri otaota, ngā ipu para rānei, e ai ki ngā taunakitanga a te rohe (ko te tikanga he pai ake te tawhiti atu).
Mā te puna pai e tiaki te wai whenua mai i te poke tika.
7. Me pēhea te tango tauira wai tika
Ko te tika o ngā hua whakamātautau ka whakatauhia nuitia e te tikanga tauira. Mō ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga, whakamahia he pounamu parakore mai i te taiwhanga, ā, whai i ēnei tikanga:
1. Tukua te wai kia rere mō ētahi meneti i mua i te tango (ina koa mēnā nō te puna wai).
2. Kaua e pā ki te taha o roto o te taupoki, ki te waha rānei o te pounamu.
3. Whakakīia te pounamu kia rite ki ngā tohutohu, inā koa mō ngā tauira moroiti.
4. Penapenahia ngā tauira ki roto i ngā āhuatanga makariri, ka tukuna atu ki te taiwhanga i te wā e taea ai, nā te mea ka rerekē pea te maha o ngā huakita i roto i te wā.
Ki te tangohia ngā tauira i te kore tupato, ka hē pea ngā hua, ā, ka pōhēhē hoki.
8. Whakatauritea ki ngā paerewa kounga wai
I muri i te whiwhinga o ngā hua whakamātautau, whakaritea ki ngā paerewa e tika ana, pērā i ngā paerewa kounga wai ma me te wai inu mai i ngā tari hauora, i ngā ture ā-motu rānei. Ehara i te mea "paahi" te "raro" rānei ngā aromatawai kounga, engari me tirotiro hoki ko ēhea ngā tawhā e hipa ana i ngā rohe me te whānuitanga o ngā mōrearea. Mō te kaukau me te horoi, tera pea ka taea te whakamanawanui i ētahi tawhā, engari mō te wai inu, he tino kaha ake ngā whakaritenga.
9. Ngā otinga mēnā he kino te kounga o te wai whenua
Mena kei te whakaatu mai ngā hua i tētahi raruraru, ko ngā mahi whakatikatika ka whakawhirinaki ki te momo poke:
– Teitei o te paru: whakamahia te tātari paru.
– Rino/konupūmā: whakapūngao me ngā tātari motuhake (onepu konupūmā, ētahi waro whakahohe).
– Pakari: whakangawari wai (kapia whakawhiti katote).
– Kakara me te reka: waro whakahohe, whakapūhau rānei.
– Te poke o te huakita: te whakapūkara māota, te whakahoromata UV, te kohua rānei, me te whakapai ake i te akuaku o ngā puna.
– Ngā hauota/ngā konganuku taumaha: me whakamahi i ngā hangarau motuhake pēnei i te osmosis whakamuri, te kimi puna wai rerekē rānei.
Mā te kōrero ki tētahi tohunga taiao, ki tētahi kaiwhakarato maimoatanga wai rānei, ka āwhina i a koe ki te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tino tika.
Te Katinga
Ehara i te mea ko te tirotiro noa i te wai mārama te mea nui hei whakatau i te kounga o te wai whenua. Me whai i te tirohanga ā-tinana, ngā inenga māmā, ngā tirotiro i ngā puna wai, me ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga mō ngā tawhā matū me ngā tawhā moroiti. Mā te tirotiro auau, ka taea e koe te whakarite kei te haumaru te wai whenua ki te whakamahi, ā, ka ārai i ngā tūponotanga hauora mō te wā roa. He mea nui te wai, nō reira, ko te whakarite i tōna kounga he haumitanga nui ki te hauora o tō whānau me te taiao.
