Te Mahi a te Ine Tau Radiocarbon
Ko te whakatau i te pakeketanga o te waro-ā-rangi he tikanga e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te pakeketanga o ngā mea kei roto he waro mā te ine i te nui o ngā isotopes waro-ā-rangi (waro-14, ^14C rānei) kei roto i te tauira. He mea nui tēnei tikanga i roto i te whaipara tangata me te matawhenua hei whakatau i te pakeketanga o ngā mea tawhito kei roto ngā rauemi rauropi. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mātāpono hou o muri i te whakatau i te pakeketanga o te waro-ā-rangi, me pēhea te mahi, me ētahi tono me ngā rangahau take e pā ana.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Tātaitanga Radiocarbon
Ko te whakatau i te wā waro-rauropi e ahu mai ana i te āhuatanga e puta ai te ^14C, he momo waro-rauropi, i roto i te āhuarangi o te Ao. Ka hangaia tēnei isotope ina taunekeneke ngā hihi o te ao mai i te wāhi ki waho me te hauota o te āhuarangi, ka huri hei ^14C. Ka honoa ētahi o ngā ^14C i hangaia ki te hāora o te āhuarangi hei hanga i te hauhā waro (CO2), ka mimitihia e ngā tipu mā te whakaahua-whakawhiti. Ka mimitihia hoki e ngā kararehe me ngā tāngata e kai ana i ngā tipu te ^14C ki roto i ō rātou tinana.
I te mea e ora ana te rauropi, ka taurite te taumata ^14C i roto i te rauropi me tōna taiao. Heoi, ina mate te rauropi, ka mutu te mimiti i te ^14C, ā, ka tīmata te pirau o tēnei isotope i te tere pumau (he haurua-ora tata ki te 5.730 tau). Mā te ine i te toenga ^14C i roto i te tauira mate, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te tatau whakamuri i te roa o te wā kua pahure mai i te matenga o te rauropi.
Te Tukanga Whakatau Ine i te Irahiko Waro
He maha ngā wāhanga nui o te tukanga whakatau tau radiocarbon:
1. Kohinga Tauira
Ko te kohikohinga tauira te taahiraa tuatahi o te tukanga tātaritanga waro-rauropi. Ka taea te whakamahi i te rakau, te waro, te wheua, te angaanga, tetahi atu rauemi rānei kei roto he waro hei tauira. Ka āta mahia te kohikohinga kia kore ai e poke ka piki ake, ka whakaiti rānei i te nui o te 14C i roto i te tauira.
2. Te Whakarite Tauira
Me whakarite tika ngā tauira kua kohia i mua i te whakahaerenga o te tātari. Tērā pea ka uru atu ki tēnei te tango i ngā poke (pēnei i te oneone, i ngā pakiaka rānei e piri ana ki te tauira), te huri hei whakapai ake i te ōritetanga, me te tukatuka matū hei wehe i te matū kei roto te ^14C.
3. Te Ine i te Irahiko
Ko ngā tikanga matua mō te ine i te ihirangi ^14C i roto i tētahi tauira ko:
– Tikanga Tatau Hihiri Wai: Ka hurihia te tauira hei āhua wai, kātahi ka whakanohoia ki roto i tētahi ipu, me tētahi matū e kanapa ana ina pāngia e ngā matūriki irahiko (scintillator). Ka inehia te mārama e puta mai ana e tētahi taputapu kite.
– Te Whakamātautau Papatipu Whakateretere (AMS): Ko tētahi o ngā hangarau matatau ake, tika ake hoki, ka wehea, ka tatau tika hoki e tēnei tikanga ngā ngota ^14C, ka taea ai te ine i ngā tauira iti rawa, me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā hapa.
4. Te Whakatikatika Raraunga
Nā te mea kāore ngā taumata ^14C o te āhuarangi e pumau tonu, me whakataurite ngā inenga mata mā te whakamahi i tētahi kōpiko whakataurite. E hangai ana tēnei kōpiko ki ngā raraunga ^14C mai i ngā mea e mōhiotia ana te pakeke, pērā i ngā mowhiti rākau (dendrochronology).
5. Te Whakamārama i ngā Hua
Mā te hua whakamutunga o te ine ka puta he whakatau tata mō te pakeke o te tauira i roto i ngā tau. Hei tauira, ki te whakaatu te hua he 5.730 tau te pakeke o tētahi wahi rakau i mua i te wā o nāianei (I mua i te wā o nāianei, me te "I nāianei" e tatauhia ana mai i te tau 1950), ko te tikanga i tapahia te rakau i te 5.730 tau ki muri.
Taupānga Tātai Irahiko Waro
He whānuitia ngā tono o tēnei tikanga i roto i ngā momo mara pūtaiao:
1. Te Whaipara Tangata
Mā te tātaitanga radiocarbon ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whakatau i te pakeketanga o ngā wāhi tawhito me ngā taonga tuku iho o te ao. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia te tātaitanga radiocarbon hei whakatau i te pakeketanga o ngā piramiti o Īhipa, ngā toenga o ngā nohoanga tawhito, me ngā taonga ahurea pērā i ngā kākahu me ngā taputapu.
2. Te Matawhenua me te Āhuarangi
Haunga ngā kōiwi tawhito, ka āwhina te whakatau tau radiocarbon i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te ako i te huringa āhuarangi onamata mā te tātari i ngā tauira mai i te hukapapa porotaka, ngā paru moana, me ngā mowhiti rākau.
3. Te Oranga Moana me te Koiora
I roto i te koiora, e whakamahia ana te whakatau tau radiocarbon hei ako i te whanaketanga o te moana me te hītori ora o ētahi rauropi.
4. Ngā mahi tirotiro tūpāpaku
I roto i te rangahau taihara, ka whakamahia e ngā kaipūtaiao tēnei tikanga hei whakatau i te wā mate i roto i ngā tirotirohanga taihara.
Te Rangahau Take mō te Tātaitanga o te Radiocarbon
Ko ētahi tauira o ngā rangahau take rongonui ko:
Te Tangata Whakamiharo a Ötzi
I te tau 1991, i kitea e ngā kairangahau a "Ötzi te Tangata Hukapapa" i ngā Maunga Ārepo o Ötztal. Nā te whakatau i te wā waro irirangi i whakatau ko te pakeke o ngā toenga o Ötzi he tata ki te 5.300 tau. Nā tēnei kitenga ka homai he tirohanga whakamiharo ki te oranga o te tangata i te Wā Parahi.
Te Whakamātautau i ngā Panuku o te Moana Mate
Kua tātarihia ngā Pukapuka o te Moana Mate, kei roto nei ētahi o ngā tuhinga tawhito rawa atu, mā te whakamahi i te tātaitanga waro-rongoā. Mā tēnei tātaitanga ka āwhina i te whakatau i te pakeketanga o ngā tuhinga, e whakaarohia ana i hangaia i waenga i te 408 BC me te 318 AD.
Te Whakatau i te Tau o ngā Puia
Mā te tātari waro-rongoā o ngā tauira waro i kitea i roto i ngā paparanga pungarehu puia ka āwhina i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te whakatau i ngā pahūtanga nui o mua, me te whakatau tata i te auau o ētahi pahūtanga puia.
Ngā Here me ngā Wero
Ahakoa he tino whai hua, ehara i te mea kāore he herenga me ngā wero o ngā tikanga whakatau i te wā radiocarbon:
Ngā Kai Kore-Rauropi
Ka taea anake te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga ki ngā rauemi kei roto he waro. Me whakamahi anō hoki ētahi atu tikanga hei whakatau i te tau o ngā rauemi kore-ora pērā i te kōhatu, i te uku rānei.
Te poke
Ka taea e te poke mai i ngā rauemi hou, i ngā rauemi rerekē rānei te whakaputa i ngā rā hē. Me āta horoi ngā tauira me ngā tikanga taiwhanga tika hei karo i ngā hua hē.
Tepe Wā
Nā te haurua-ora o te ^14C, he uaua ki te tatau i te tau o ngā tauira neke atu i te 50.000 tau te pakeke me te tino tika, nā te mea he iti rawa te ihirangi ^14C e toe ana, ā, tata kore e kitea.
Whakamutunga
He tikanga kaha te whakatau i te wā waro-rauropi kua whakatuwhera i tētahi matapihi ki ngā rā o mua. Mā te ine i te ihirangi 14C o ngā tauira kei roto he waro, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakatau i te pakeketanga o ngā rauemi rauropi mai i ngā momo puna. Ahakoa ētahi wero me ngā herenga, he taputapu nui tonu te whakatau i te wā waro-rauropi i roto i te whaipara tangata, te pūtaiao whenua, me te maha atu o ngā mara. Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea e tātou te ako, te mārama, me te hanga anō i te hītori me te whanaketanga o te tangata me ngā taiao tūturu i noho ai rātou.
