Te Pānga o ngā Hapa ki te Tohatoha o te Kohuke
Ko te hapa he pakaru i roto i te kirinuku o te Ao e haere tahi ana me te nekehanga o ngā papa toka i ia taha. I roto i te matawhenua ōhanga, ehara te hapa i te "kapiti" noa iho, engari ko tētahi o ngā mana whakahaere nui e whakatau ana i te wāhi e kohikohia ai ngā kohuke utu nui, me pēhea te hanganga o ngā tinana kohuke, me pēhea te huri o tō rātou tohatoha mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi atu. He maha ngā putunga koura, parahi, mata, konutea, nikara, tae noa ki ngā kohuke ahumahi kua kitea e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha hapa. Hei mārama ake i te tohatoha kohuke, me tirotiro tātou me pēhea te mahi a ngā hapa hei ara wai, hei hanganga hanga-ātea, hei whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o ngā toka, hei hanganga ka taea te "tapahi me te neke" i ngā tinana kohuke.
1. Ngā hapa hei ara mō te rere o te wai waiariki
Ko tētahi o ngā mahi matua a ngā hapa he mahi hei "paipa" he ara uruhanga teitei rānei mō ngā wai waiariki—he wai wera e kawe ana i ngā huānga konganuku mai i te hohonutanga. I roto i ngā toka kāore i pakaru, he iti te porosity me te uruhanga, ka uaua ai te nekehanga o te wai. Heoi, i roto i ngā rohe hapa, ka pakaru nui ngā toka, ka pakaru (kapiti), ka hangaia he whatunga pakaru honohono. Mā ēnei āhuatanga ka tere ake te hekenga o te wai, ka taea ai te kawe i ngā konganuku pēnei i te Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, me te Mo, kātahi ka waiho i te mea ka huri ngā āhuatanga.
Nā reira, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia he tauira e whai ana i ngā tohu hapa i te whakatōtōtanga o ngā kohuke: ngā uaua quartz koura e toro atu ana i te taha o ngā hapa, ngā rohe whakarerekētanga e tū tata ana ki ngā hapa, ngā tinana kohuke rānei e "piri" ana ki ngā ara hapa nui. I roto i te tūhuratanga, ko te kitea o ngā hapa roa ā-rohe he tohu wawe pea kei tētahi rohe te pūmanawa mō ngā pūnaha waiariki whānui.
2. Te waihanga i te wāhi (ngā rohe whānui) hei wāhi mō te whakatakotoranga o te konganuku
Ehara i te mea ko ngā konganuku me ngā wai anake e hiahiatia ana e ngā kohuke; me whai wāhi hoki hei taunga. Ka taea e ngā hapa te whakaputa i ngā rohe totoro ā-rohe (whakawhānui) e whakatuwhera ana i ngā kōhao, i ngā whatiwhatinga, i ngā kapiti rānei. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā hapa paheke-paheke, ka pāngia ētahi wāhanga e te "piko tuku" "taahiraa-neke" rānei (peke wāhanga), ka hanga he rua iti, he rohe tuwhera rānei. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei wāhi he wāhi pai mō te whakatakotoranga o ngā uaua, ngā pakaru waiariki, ngā mahi rakau rānei (ngā whatunga uaua matotoru).
I tētahi atu taha, i roto i te "piko aukati," ka pēhia te toka, ka whakaitihia te wāhi, ka whakawhāitihia hoki te rere o te wai. Ka hua ake tēnei i te kore taurite o te whakapūngatanga o ngā kohuke: tera pea ka nui ngā kohao e kukū ana ki ētahi wāhanga o te hapa, ko ētahi atu wāhanga he iti noa iho ngā kohuke.
3. Ka whakahaerehia e ngā hapa te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me ngā āhuatanga matū.
He tino pāngia te maturuturunga o te kohuke e ngā panonitanga o te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te pH, te tote, me ngā āhuatanga redox (te whakaiti-waikura). Mā te hapa ka puta ēnei panonitanga mā roto i ētahi tikanga:
1. Te hekenga ohorere o te pēhanga: I te pikinga o ngā wai mā roto i ngā hapa ki ngā hohonutanga pāpaku, ka heke te pēhanga. Ka taea e tēnei hekenga pēhanga te mea kia koropupū ngā wai, kia tukuna rānei te hau, ka kore e pumau ngā konganuku rewa, ka pupū ake hei kohuke whanariki, hei koura rānei.
2. Te whakaranu wai: Mā ngā hapa ka taea e ngā wai wera mai i roto rawa te tūtaki ki te wai meteorite matao (wai whenua). Ka taea e tēnei whakaranu te whakarerekē i te pH, i ngā āhuatanga redox rānei, ka puta ai te maturuturunga o ngā kohuke.
3. Tauhohenga pakitara-toka: He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā rohe hapa e te kaha o te whakarerekētanga. Ka taea e ngā tauhohenga wai me ngā toka tata te "mimiti" te "tuku" rānei i ngā huānga, ka huri i te hanganga wai, ka tere ake te hanganga o ētahi kohuke.
Nō reira, he maha ngā wā e hono ana te tohatoha o ngā kohuke ki ngā rohe whakarerekētanga huri noa i ngā hapa, pērā i te whakakoiora, te whakamaroke, te whakapūkara, te whakakōroiti, te whakapūkara waro rānei.
4. Ngā hapa hei kaiwhakahaere mō te momo me te momo o ngā tāpui
He rerekē te hononga o ngā momo putunga kohuke ki ngā hapa:
– Ngā putunga epithermal (koura-hiriwa): He hononga nui tēnei ki ngā hapa me ngā pakaru e mahi ana hei ara mō ngā wai pāpaku. He maha ngā wā ka whakakīia ngā pakaru i roto i ngā pūnaha hapa e ngā uaua quartz, adularia, calcite, me te sulfide.
– Poropiri parahi-koura: Ka āwhina ngā hapa rohe ki te ārahi i te urunga mai o te magma me ngā ara wai. Tērā pea ka horapa haere te whakapūtanga o ngā kohuke, engari ko te hanganga tonu te kaiwhakahaere i ngā rohe kounga teitei me te ahunga o te tohatoha o ngā mahi rakau.
– Skarn (Fe, Cu, W, Sn): Ko te pānga o te urutomo ki ngā toka warowaihā he maha ngā wā ka pāngia e ngā hapa e āwhina ana i te urutomo me te rere o ngā wai.
– Ngā putunga VMS (pūhau nui o te puia): Ahakoa e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha puia o raro i te wai, he awa ngā hapa mō te pikinga ake o ngā wai wera ki te papa moana, e whakatau ana i te taunga o ngā "pūhau" me te tohatoha o ngā karāhe pūhaumāota.
– Ngā putunga parataiao (hei tauira, te momo Pb-Zn o te Awaawa o Mississippi): Mā ngā hapa me ngā pakaru ka taea te heke o te wai o te puna, ā, ka whakatauhia hoki ngā wāhi e putunga ai te whanariki i roto i ngā toka warowaihā.
Nō reira, mā te mōhio ki ngā tauira hapa ka āwhina i te matapae i te momo kohuke ka puta pea i tētahi rohe.
5. Ka taea e ngā hapa te tapahi, te neke, me te huna i ngā tinana o te kōhatu.
Ehara i te mea ka puta noa te whakapūtanga o ngā kohuke i te wā e pakaru ana, engari ka taea hoki te whakararuraru i tōna tohatoha i muri i tōna hanganga. Mena ka puta tuatahi he tinana kohuke, ā, ka whai ake ko te mahi pakaru i muri mai, ka taea te tapahi me te neke i te tinana kohuke. I runga i te mapi whenua, tera pea te āhua kua motuhia te uaua kohuke, engari kei te haere tonu engari kua nekehia tōna tūranga nā te nekehanga o te pakaru.
He pānga nui tēnei ki te tūhuratanga me te keri maina. Me tatau e ngā tīma matawhenua te rahi me te ahunga o te kutikuti hapa (whakawhitinga) kia "kitea anō" te haere tonu o te konganuku i tērā taha. He maha ngā wana konganuku (ngā rohe kounga teitei) ka ngaro mō te wā poto i tētahi taumata o te maina, ā, ka kitea anō i muri i te hononga hanganga tupato.
Hei tāpiri atu, ka taea e ngā hapa te ara ake, te heke rānei i ngā poraka toka. Mēnā ka ara ake te tinana o te kōhatu, ka ngāwari ake te kitea me te pakaru kia puta ai he putunga laterite, he putunga supergene rānei. Mēnā ka totohu, ka kapi pea te tinana o te kōhatu i ngā putunga rangatahi, ā, ka kore e kitea i te mata.
6. Ngā hapa hei kaiwhakahaere o te huarere me te whakarei ake i te ira nui
I ngā rohe pārūrū, ka horapa atu te awe o te pakaru o te whenua ki tua atu i ngā tukanga waiariki. Ka whakanuia e te pakaru o te whenua te pakaru me te uruhanga, ka taea ai e te wai mata te uru ki roto, ka tere ake ai te huarere matū. He mea nui tēnei mō ngā putunga pēnei i te nickel laterite, te bauxite, te whakanui parahi supergene rānei.
Ka taea e ngā rohe hapa te mahi hei ara mō te rere o te wai waikura, te whakarewa i ngā kohuke tuatahi me te whakatakoto i ngā kohuke tuarua ki ngā hohonutanga motuhake. Nō reira, ka taea e te tohatoha taumata te hanga i tētahi rohenga poutū: ngā waikura kei runga, he rohe whakawhiti kei waenganui, me ngā whanariki tuatahi kei raro. Mā ngā hapa me ngā pakaru e whakatau te hohonu o te urunga o te wai me te wāhi e whanake ai ēnei rohe whakarei.
7. Ngā pānga whai hua i roto i te tūhuratanga kohuke
Nā te mea he nui te pānga o ngā hapa ki te tohatoha o ngā kohuke, he maha ngā rautaki tūhura e aro ana ki te mahere hanganga. Ko ētahi o ngā mahi noa ko:
– Te mahere o ngā hapa me ngā pakaru i te mara (te aronga, te momo hapa, te taunakitanga o te nekehanga).
– Te tātari i ngā whakaahua amiorangi me te DEM hei tautuhi i ngā rārangi e whakaata ana i ngā hapa ā-rohe.
– Te Ahupūngao Matawhenua (aukume, ātete-IP, rū whenua) hei kimi i ngā rohe hapa, ngā whakarerekētanga me ngā whanariki huna.
– Te matū whenua hei tiro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā huānga e whai ana i ngā ara hapa.
– Te whakatauira hanganga 3D hei matapae i ngā wāhi pupuhi kōhatu i runga i ngā rohe whakawhanui, ngā whakawhitinga hapa, ngā takahanga rānei.
I roto i te maha o ngā pūnaha, ko te pūwāhi e tūtaki ai ngā hapa e rua (te whakawhiti) te wāhi e kaha ake ai te whakapūtanga o ngā kohuke nā te mea ka nui ake te uruhanga, ā, ka nui ake te wāhi tuwhera.
Whakamutunga
He maha ngā huarahi e pā ai ngā hapa ki te tohatoha o ngā kohuke: he ara matua ēnei mō te pikinga o ngā wai e mau ana i te konganuku, he wāhi hei whakatakoto i ngā konganuku, he whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana-matū e whakatairanga ana i te ua, he whakahaere i ngā momo whakatakoto, ā, he tapahi me te neke i ngā tinana konganuku, ā, ka uaua ake te tohatoha. Ahakoa kua hangaia ngā konganuku, kei te whai wāhi tonu ngā hapa mā te whakatere i te huarere me te ārahi i te whakanui i ngā ira nui. Nō reira, ko te mārama ki te hanganga o ngā hapa te mea nui ki te whakamārama i ngā tauira tohatoha kohuke, te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea tūhura, me te hoahoa i ngā rautaki keri whai hua ake.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki te horopaki Initonīhia (hei tauira, ngā tauira o ngā epithermal koura i roto i ngā pewa puia, ngā porphyries parahi-koura, ngā nickel laterites rānei) me te tāpiri whakaahua rānei i ngā ariā pēnei i te tuku piko, te taahiraa-ki-runga, me te ōwehenga tinana ore.
