Te Hanganga o te Kiri o Papatūānuku
Ko te papa o te whenua te papa o waho rawa o te hanganga o tō tātou ao, he mea tito mai i ngā momo matū me ngā kohuke. He tukanga uaua, he tukanga hihiri hoki te hanganga o te papa o te whenua e uru ana ki ngā momo tikanga whenua. Hei mārama ki te hanganga o te papa o te whenua, me whai tātou i te hītori o te whenua i ngā piriona tau ki muri, me te ako i ngā momo tukanga whenua i whai wāhi ki te hanganga o tēnei papa totoka.
Te Tukanga Tūatahi o te Hanganga o Papatūānuku
He hononga tata te hanganga o te kirinuku o te Ao ki te hanganga o te aorangi tonu. Tata ki te 4,6 piriona tau ki muri, i hangaia tō tātou pūnaha rā mai i tētahi kapua nui o te hau me te puehu e kiia nei ko te solar nebula. Mā roto i tētahi tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko te accretion, ka tīmata ngā matūriki i roto i tēnei nebula ki te kukume me te whakakotahi, ka hanga he planetesimals—he mea iti, he toka, ā, i te mutunga ka hanga ngā aorangi.
I te hanganga o Papatūānuku, i pāngia ia e te āhua tino wera o te ao. I tēnei wā, he pōro nui a Papatūānuku, he mea whakamahana nā te kohikohinga o te kaha nekeneke mai i ngā tukinga matūriki me te pirau irahiko o ōna huānga. Ko ngā rauemi taumaha, pērā i te rino me te nikara, ka tīmata te totohu ki waenganui, ā, ka hanga ko te pūtake o Papatūānuku. I taua wā, ko ngā rauemi māmā ake, pērā i ngā silicate, ka piki ake ki te mata hei hanga i te mantle me te kirinuku tuatahi.
Te Rerekētanga Aorangi: Te Hanganga o ngā Paparanga Matawhenua
I te tīmatanga o te whakamatao o Papatūānuku, ka puta te rerekētanga matū, ka tīmata te wehewehe o ngā huānga me ngā matū i runga i ō rātou kiato me ngā hononga matū. I muri i te hanganga o te uho me te koroka, ka tīmata te hanganga o te kirinuku tuatahi mai i te magma i whakamatao, i totoka hoki i te mata, i te taha rānei o te mata.
Ko te wāhanga tōmua o te hanganga o te kirinuku e mōhiotia ana ko te Hadean Eon, i mau mai i te hanganga o Papatūānuku tae noa ki te 4 piriona tau ki muri. I te wā o Hadean, he tino hihiri te kirinuku o Papatūānuku, ā, he maha ngā wā i whakangaromia ai e ngā tukanga whenua kaha, nanakia hoki. I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o te kirinuku o Papatūānuku he kirinuku moana angiangi, he mea hanga ki te papa o te moana.
Te Hanganga o te Kirinuku Whenua
He tukanga uaua ake, he puhoi ake hoki te hanganga o te kirinuku whenua i tērā o te kirinuku moana. Ka puta i muri i te pakaru whenua me te whakamatao rawaka kia taea ai te hanganga o ngā whenua tūturu. I puta tuatahi tēnei tukanga i te wā o te Archean Eon, mai i te 4 piriona ki te 2,5 piriona tau ki muri, i te wā i pāngia ai te kirinuku me te mantle o te Ao e ngā huringa hanganga me te hanganga nui.
Ka hangaia te kirinuku whenua mā roto i ngā momo tikanga, ko tētahi o ēnei ko te tektonika pereti, e uru ana ki te nekehanga me te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā pereti tektonika i roto i te kirinuku o Papatūānuku. I te nekehanga o ngā pereti tektonika, ka taea e rātou te heke, ka paheke tetahi pereti taumaha i raro i tetahi pereti mama ake, ka whakaranua, ka rewa ngā rauemi, kātahi ka piki ake ki te mata hei magma. Kātahi ka whakamataohia e tēnei magma ka hanga i te kirinuku whenua whai kiko i te karāneti.
Te Tekotonika Pereti me te Whakahoutanga o te Kirikiri
He mea nui te mahi a ngā tektonika pereti i roto i te hanganga me te pupuri i te kiri o Papatūānuku. Kāore te kiri o Papatūānuku e tū tonu; kei te whakahoutia tonutia, kei te hurihia hoki e te nekehanga o ngā pereti tektonika. He maha ngā momo rohe pereti puta noa i te ao, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga me ngā mahi whenua o ia pereti.
1. Ngā Rohe Wehewehe: Ka puta ina neke atu ngā pereti e rua tetahi i tetahi. He maha ngā wā ka kitea tēnei tukanga i ngā pae moana, te wāhi e piki ake ai te magma mai i te papa ki te mata, ka whakamatao, ka tāpirihia he rauemi hou ki te papa moana.
2. Ngā Rohe Whakakotahi: Ka puta ina tukinga ngā pereti e rua. Ka taupokina tetahi pereti e tetahi atu, ka puta te mimiti me te rewa o ngā rauemi ka hanga he magma hou ka piki ake ki te mata, ka āwhina i te hanga o te kirinuku whenua.
3. Ngā Rohe Whakawhiti: Ka puta ina neke whakapae ngā pereti e rua tetahi ki tetahi. Kāore tēnei momo rohe e hanga rauemi hou, engari ka puta he mahi rū whenua kaha.
Ngā Rauemi e Hanga ana i te Kirinuku o Papatūānuku
He momo toka rerekē te kiri o te whenua, ā, i hangaia ia momo toka mā roto i ngā tukanga whenua motuhake. I runga i tōna hanganga, ka taea te wehewehe i te kiri o te whenua kia rua ngā momo matua: te kiri moana me te kiri whenua.
1. Te Kirinuku Moana: Ko te nuinga he mea hanga mai i te toka pārāti, e puta mai ana i te whakamatao o te magma i te papa moana. He angiangi ake, he kikī ake te kirinuku moana i te kirinuku whenua.
2. Te Kirinuku o te Whenua: He matotoru ake tēnei, ā, he mea tito mai i ngā toka kirikiri i hangaia mā te whakamatao o te magma i roto i te kirinuku o te Ao. He tawhito ake hoki te kirinuku o te whenua, ā, he uaua ake te hanganga me te hanganga i te kirinuku o te moana.
E toru ngā momo toka matua e hanga ana i te kirinuku o te whenua, e ai ki te tukanga hanganga o aua toka:
1. Ngā toka mura: I hangaia mai i te whakamatao me te whakatiotanga o te magma, o te rangitoto rānei. Ko ētahi tauira ko te karāneti me te pārāti.
2. Ngā toka parataiao: I hangaia mai i te pēhanga me te whakakīkī o ngā matūriki i ahu mai i ētahi atu toka, i ngā rauemi rauropi rānei. Ko ētahi tauira ko te kōhatu ā-papa me te kirikiri.
3. Ngā toka āhua-whakaahua: I hangaia mai i te panonitanga o ngā toka kua noho kē i mua i te pēhanga nui me te pāmahana i roto i te papa o Papatūānuku. Hei tauira, ko te māpere me te schist.
Te Horo me te Huringa Tiaki o te Kiri o Papatūānuku
Kia oti te hanga o te kirinuku, kāore e noho tonu pērā tonu. He mea nui te mahi a ngā tukanga o te horo me te whakatakotoranga ki te whakarerekē me te whakahou i te kirinuku o Papatūānuku. Ka puta te horo nā ngā āhuatanga maha, pērā i te hau, te wai, me te hukapapa, e pakaru mārire ana i ngā toka i runga i te mata. Kātahi ka whakatakotoranga anōtia ēnei mea kua horo, ā, ka taea te hanga toka parataiao hou.
Haunga te horo whenua, he mahi nui tonu tā ngā huringa tektonika. Ka rewa ngā pereti tektonika kua rukuhia ki roto i te papa whenua, ā, ka taea te hiki ake i tēnei rauemi ki te mata mā roto i ngā mahi puia, i ētahi atu tukanga tektonika rānei. E whakaatu ana tēnei he pūnaha hihiri te kirinuku o te Ao e huri haere tonu ana.
Whakamutunga
Ko te kiri o te Ao he hua o tētahi tukanga roa, matatini hoki e uru ana ki te kohikohinga o ngā rauemi mā te whakaemi, te rerekētanga matū, te mahi tektonika pereti, me te horo. Ehara i te mea ka hanga noa iho ēnei tukanga engari ka whakahoutia anō hoki te kiri puta noa i te hītori matawhenua o tō tātou ao. Kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau ki te mārama ake ki ēnei āhuatanga, nā te mea mā te mārama ki te kiri o te Ao ka puta he māramatanga nui ki ngā takenga mai me te whanaketanga o tō tātou ao me ngā rauemi taiao maha ka taea e tātou te whakamahi.
