He aha te rere o te paru i roto i te tātaritanga oneone?
I roto i te rangahau oneone, ko tētahi o ngā tukanga tino nui hei mārama ki te hanganga o ngā putunga i roto i ngā taiao moana hohonu ko ngā ia waikura. Ko ēnei rerenga, e kiia ana ko ngā "rerenga papatipu waikura," ka heke iho i ngā pari raro i te wai e peia ana e te kaha ā-papa. Ahakoa kei raro i te mata, ka taea te whakarite i te tukanga ki tētahi "kapua paru" e tere rere ana i te papa moana, e kawe ana i ngā pata waikura mai i ngā wāhi pāpaku ki ngā takotoranga hohonu. Mā te mārama ki ngā ia waikura ka āwhina i ngā tohunga whenua ki te whakamārama i te hītori o ngā taiao putunga, ki te mahere i ngā tūponotanga mōrearea whenua o raro i te wai, tae atu ki te aromatawai i te hanganga o ngā puna waikura warowaihā.
Te mārama ki te rere o te paru
Ko te ia waikura he rere wai (ko te tikanga he wai moana) he nui te waikura nā te nui o ngā paru kua tārewa (onepu, paru, uku). He nui ake te mātotoru o tēnei ranunga wai me te paru i te wai e karapoti ana, nō reira ka whai i te āhua o te papa moana, ka heke iho. I te nekehanga o te rere, ka noho tārewa tonu te paru nā te pōrearea o roto; heoi, i te ngoikore haere o te kaha o te rere, ka tau te paru, ka hanga he paparanga āhua e mōhiotia ana ko ngā putunga paru.
He rerekē ngā ia awa noa, e peia ana e ngā pikinga o te mata, ko ngā ia pōuriuri e peia ana e ngā rerekētanga o te mātotoru me ngā kaha ā-papa. Nō reira, ka whakarōpūtia ēnei hei ia mātotoru, e tohuhia ana e tō rātou kaha ki te haere i ngā tawhiti roa puta noa i te papa o ngā takotoranga moana hohonu.
Me pēhea te hanganga o ngā ia waikura?
Ko ngā ia waikura te take o ngā mahi e whakararuraru ana i ngā paru i te pari whenua, i te taha rānei o te papa whenua. Ko ētahi o ngā mea e whakaohooho noa ana i ēnei:
1. Ngā horo whenua me ngā hinganga o te pari i raro i te moana
Ka taea e te paru e kohia ana i runga i ngā pari te pakaru (te pakaru o te pari) nā te nui rawa o te kawenga, ngā rū whenua, ngā huringa rānei o te pēhanga o ngā kōhao. Ka taea e te rauemi e hinga ana te huri hei rerenga paru e rere ana, e pōrearea ana.
2. Rū whenua
Ka taea e ngā wiri te whakararuraru i te pumau o te paru, te tukunga o ngā mea iri, ka puta ai he ia pōrearea nui, tere hoki.
3. Ngā waipuke nui mai i te whenua (rerenga hyperpycnal)
I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka nui ake te mātotoru o te wai awa he nui rawa te paru i te wai moana, nō reira ka "toremi" ka rere hei ia mātotoru ki te moana hohonu.
4. Ngā tupuhi me ngā ngaru kaha
I ngā papa pāpaku, ka taea e ngā awha te whakaoho i te paru ka tuku ki te taha o te papa, ka taka ki raro i te pari ka puta ai ngā ia paru.
5. Ngā mahi a te puia me ngā rerenga pyroclastic ki te moana
Ka taea e ngā rauemi puia e tomo ana ki te moana te whakaranu ki te wai, ā, ka hanga he rerenga kiato o te paru.
Ko te tikanga, ka puta ngā ia pōrearea ina he putunga paru, ā, he āhuatanga e āhei ai te paru e iri ana te heke iho i te pari me te nui o te pūngao.
Te tikanga o te nekehanga me te whanonga rere
Ka neke ngā ia wai pōuriuri hei "kapua" o te paru, he maha ngā wā ka matotoru ake i raro, ā, ka angiangi ake i runga. Ka rerekē pea ngā tere o te rere—mai i te puhoi ki te tino tere—i runga i te rahinga o te paru, te pikinga pari, me te taumata o te aueue. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka taea e ēnei rere te haere tekau ki te rau kiromita mai i tō rātou pūtake, e whai ana i ngā awaawa raro moana, kātahi ka horapa ki waho hei hanga i tētahi pā raro moana.
I roto i te ariā, ka wehea ngā pūnaha paru ki ētahi rohe:
– Rohe pūtake/horo: te rohe o te pari e tukuna ana te paru, ka tīmata te rere; he maha ngā wā ka puta te horo nui.
– Rohe kawe: ka kukū te rere ki roto i te awaawa, ā, ka taea te kawe i te onepu.
– Rohe whakapūpū: ka heke te pūngao, ka whānui ake, ka mutu rānei ngā awaawa, ka whakatakotoria te pūpū hei hanga i ngā poro me ngā papa onepū.
Ka whakahaere anō hoki ngā panonitanga o te kaha rere i te rahi o ngā kirikiri ka haria. I te hekenga o te kaha, ka tau tuatahi ngā kirikiri matotoru (onepu), ā, muri iho ka tau te paru me te uku. Mā tēnei tukanga ka puta te paparanga kua whakarōpūtia, he āhuatanga rongonui o ngā kirikiri.
Ngā putunga turbidite me te raupapatanga Bouma
Ko te hua matua o ngā rerenga paru ko ngā putunga paru, e kitea ana i roto i ō rātou hanganga parataiao me ngā tauira moenga motuhake. Ko tētahi o ngā tauira rongonui mō te whakaahua i te hanganga o roto o ngā paru ko te Raupapa Bouma, inā koa mō ngā paru onepu-ki-paru "tūturu". He māmā noa iho, e whakaahua ana tēnei raupapa i te huringa mai i te kaha teitei ki te kaha iti i roto i tētahi huihuinga putunga kotahi:
– Ta: he onepū nui, he onepū papatahi noa rānei (he mātotoru ki raro, he angiangi ki runga) nā te tere o te whakatōpuku.
– Tb: te whakapiringa whakarara, e tohu ana kei te tīmata te rere ki te auau haere.
– Tc: te whakawhiti-ripple, ka heke te pūngao.
– Td: he paninga angiangi ki runga i te paru.
– Te: te uku/te kirikiri hemipelagic e āta tau ana i muri i te pōuriuri.
Kāore ngā turbidites katoa e whakaatu ana i te raupapatanga Ta–Te katoa. He maha ngā putunga e whakaatu ana i ngā wāhanga wāhanga noa iho, i runga i ngā āhuatanga rere, te tuku o te paru, me ngā tukanga muri i te putunga.
Te taiao parataiao e pā ana ki te rere o te paru
Ko ngā ia waikura tino kitea ka puta i roto i:
– Te pari whenua me te piki whenua
He wāhi he nui te pari hei akiaki i ngā ia mātotoru.
– Ngā awaawa ruku moana
He "hongere" e arotahi ana i te rere.
– Ngā pā o te ruku moana
He pūnaha parataiao nui, āhua pā te āhua, i te moana hohonu, he maha ngā wā kei roto ko ngā awaawa me ngā pūawa.
– Ngā awa hohonu o te moana
He wāhi putunga o ngā kirikiri angiangi, inā koa i te taha tawhiti.
I roto i ngā peihana maha, ka hangaia e ngā turbidites he toka parataiao matotoru e whakaatu ana i te hītori tectonic, te putunga parataiao mai i te whenua, me ngā piki me ngā heke o te taumata moana.
He aha te hiranga o te rere o te paru?
1. Te kī ki te hanga anō i te hītori matawhenua
Ka tuhia e ngā turbidites ngā huihuinga wā-wā: ngā horo whenua, ngā rū whenua, ngā waipuke nui rānei. Mā te ako i ō rātou tauira paparanga me te tohatoha, ka taea e ngā tohunga whenua te whakamārama i ngā whanaketanga o te puna me ngā huringa o ngā taiao parataiao i roto i te wā.
2. He mea tika mō te tūhuratanga hinu me te hau
He maha ngā puna waiwaro kei roto i ngā onepū kirikiri turbidite, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha hau ruku wai. He pai te porosity me te permeability o ngā onepū kirikiri turbidite, ahakoa me āta whakatauira i ō rātou rerekētanga ā-roto.
3. Āwhina ki te mārama ki ngā tūponotanga o te whenua o raro i te wai
Ka taea e ngā rerenga paru te kino i ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā taura waea me ngā paipa i raro i te wai. He mea whai hua te mārama ki ngā ara me ngā putanga pea o te paru hei whakaiti i te mōrearea.
4. He mea nui mō ngā rangahau paleoismological
I ētahi rohe, ka taea te hono i ngā paparanga turbidite ki ngā rū whenua nui o mua. Nā tēnei ka waiho ngā turbidite hei "pūranga" tūturu mō te ako i te auau o te rū whenua i roto i ngā rohe ruku.
Me pēhea te mōhio ki ngā turbidites i te mara, i te pokapū keri rānei
Ko te tikanga, ka tautuhia e te tohunga oneone ngā turbidites mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
– Paparanga whakarōpū noa (ka whakarōpūhia te rahi o te kōpura ki runga).
– Hanganga raima Bouma (wāhanga, katoa rānei).
– He mea horo te pānga o te pūtake, ā, i ētahi wā he tohu kei roto i te kapu (hei tauira, he maka o te putorino) hei āwhina i te whakatau i te ahunga o ngā iahiko paleo.
– Te auautanga o ngā mōkihi paparanga e whakaata ana i ngā huihuinga wā-poto (ngā moenga huihuinga).
– Te whakawhiti taha mai i ngā putunga awaawa (matotoru ake, taratara ake) ki ngā putunga pūrua/runga ake (angiangi ake, angiangi ake).
Ko te tātari rahi o te witi, te petrography, me ngā raraunga matawhenua (hei tauira, te ru whenua) e whakamahia ana hei mahere i te āhua o ngā tinana onepu turbidite i runga i te tauine peihana.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā ia waipara he ia waipara e kapi ana i te paru e heke ana i ngā pari raro i te wai nā te rerekētanga o te kiato me te kaha o te whenua. Mā tēnei tukanga ka hangaia he putunga paru, he momo paparanga motuhake, e kiia ana ko te Bouma Sequence. I roto i te tātaritanga paru, he mea nui ngā ia waipara nā te mea ka whakahaere i te kawe paru ki te moana hohonu, ka hanga pūnaha pā waipara, ka rongoa hoki i ngā mōhiohio mō ngā kaupapa whenua o mua. Hei tāpiri, he pānga mahi anō hoki te mārama ki te paru mō te tūhuratanga rauemi me te whakaiti i te mōrearea mō ngā hanganga raro i te wai. Mā te ako i ngā paru, ka pānuihia e tātou he "tuhinga o ngā kaupapa" kua puta i te papa moana, ā, kua hanga i te whenua paru e tūtaki ana tātou i ēnei rā.
