Te Pūnaha Ōhanga o te Ao me tōna Whenua
He whatunga whānui te pūnaha ōhanga o te ao e hono ana i te whakaputa, te tohatoha, me te kai o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga puta noa i ngā whenua. Kāore tēnei whatunga e tū takitahi: he nui te awe o ngā āhuatanga whenua—te tauwāhi, te āhuarangi, ngā rauemi taiao, ngā āhua whenua, te urunga atu ki te moana, te taupori, tae atu ki te mōrearea āwhati. Mā te whenua ka hoatu he painga ōrite ki ia rohe, ko ngā whanaketanga hangarau me te ao whānui e hono ana i ēnei rerekētanga i roto i te pūnaha ōhanga kotahi o te ao. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga te mahi a te ōhanga o te ao me te hanga a ngā āhuatanga whenua i ōna tauira matua.
1. He tirohanga whānui mō te pūnaha ōhanga o te ao
I te whakarapopototanga, ko te ōhanga o te ao he mea tito mai i ngā mahi ōhanga i ngā taumata ā-rohe, ā-motu, ā-rohe, me te ao whānui. He whakawhirinaki ngā whenua ki a rātou anō i roto i te hokohoko o te ao, te haumitanga, te rere o ngā whakapaipai, te hekenga mahi, me te whakawhiti hangarau. I roto i tēnei pūnaha, he maha ngā kaiwhakaari matua: ngā whenua (mā roto i ngā kaupapa here pūtea, moni, me ngā ture), ngā kamupene ao whānui (e whakahaere ana i ngā mekameka tuku whakawhiti-rohe), ngā umanga pūtea o te ao (ngā peeke, ngā mākete whakapaipai), me ngā whakahaere o te ao (te WTO, te IMF, te Peeke o te Ao, me ngā poraka hokohoko rerekē).
Kua rerekē tēnei tauira o ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao i roto i ngā wā. I muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, nā te whakaoranga ōhanga me te hanganga o ngā umanga ā-ao i whakakaha ake te hokohoko ā-ao. I te taenga mai ki tēnei wā, ka puta te ao whakaputanga ā-ao: ka taea te hanga i ngā wāhanga o tētahi hua i roto i ngā whenua rerekē, kātahi ka huihui ki ētahi atu whenua, ka hokona puta noa i te ao. Nō reira, kua noho ngā wāhi o ngā wheketere, ngā tauranga, ngā pokapū kawe taonga, me ngā tāone ahumahi hei wāhanga nui o te mahere ōhanga o te ao.
2. Te tūranga o te whenua i roto i te hanga i te hiranga ōhanga
E toru ngā huarahi matua e awe ai te whenua i te ōhanga: ngā rauemi, te urunga atu, me ngā āhuatanga o te taiao.
Tuatahi, ngā rauemi taiao. Ko te noho mai o te hinu, te hau, te waro, ngā kohuke rautaki (nikara, parahi, konukura), te oneone momona, ngā wai momona ika rānei, ka hanga i te hanganga ōhanga o tētahi rohe. Hei tauira, he nui te awe o te wātea o te hinu me te hau ki ngā whenua o te Moana-a-Kiwa. He maha ngā whenua pārūrū he oneone momona, he āhuarangi pai hoki mō te ahuwhenua puta noa i te tau e whakarato ana i ngā taonga kai, i ngā taonga māra rānei.
Tuarua, te urunga atu. Ko ngā whenua he whānui ngā takutai moana, he tauranga taiao, he tata hoki ki ngā ara kaipuke o te ao, he ngāwari ake te hono atu ki ngā mākete o te ao. He iti ake ngā utu kawe waka, he tere ake te rere o ngā taonga, ā, he whakataetae ake te hokohoko. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā whenua kāore he urunga atu ki te moana (he whenua kati) he maha ngā wā ka nui ake ngā utu kawe waka nā te mea e whakawhirinaki ana rātou ki ngā whenua tata mō te urunga atu ki te tauranga.
Tuatoru, ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā mōrearea. Ka pā te āhuarangi ki te hua ahuwhenua, te wātea o te wai, me ngā utu pūngao (hei tauira, ngā hiahia whakamatao, whakamahana rānei). Ka taea e ngā mōrearea ā-pāpāho pērā i ngā rū whenua, ngā waipuke, ngā awha pārūrū, ngā tauraki rānei te awe i ngā whakataunga haumitanga me ngā utu whakawhanake hanganga. Arā, he mahere ōhanga anō hoki te "mahere mōrearea".
3. Ngā pokapū ōhanga o te ao me ō rātou tauira tohatoha
I te taha whenua, ko ngā pokapū tipu ōhanga o te ao e aro nui ana ki ngā rohe he huinga ēnei: he nui te taupori, he nui te noho tāone, he matatau ngā hanganga, me te urunga atu ki te hokohoko o te ao.
I hangaia e Amerika Te Raki (ina koa ko te Hononga o Amerika) he pokapū ōhanga i te takutai rāwhiti me te takutai uru, me ngā tāone nui pēnei i a New York me Los Angeles me te pokapū hangarau o Silicon Valley. I whakawhanakehia a Ūropi ki te Hauāuru mā roto i tētahi whatunga o ngā tāone ahumahi me ngā tauranga—Rotterdam me Hamburg, tae atu ki ngā wāhi ahumahi i Tiamana me Parani—i honoa e ngā hanganga whenua me te moana pakari.
He tauira kaha a Āhia ki te Rāwhiti mō te hononga o te whenua me te kaupapa here ōhanga. I whakamahia e Hapani, Kōrea ki te Tonga, me Haina rawa atu ō rātou tūranga takutai moana, ngā tauranga nui, me ngā rohe ahumahi hei turanga hangahanga o te ao. I tua atu, i whanake a Āhia ki te Tonga ki te Tonga hei pokapū hokohoko me te ahumahi, inā koa tata ki ngā ara kaipuke rautaki pērā i te Moana-a-Kiwa o Malaka.
I tētahi atu taha, he maha ngā whenua o Āwherika me ētahi wāhanga o Āhia ki te Tonga e pāngia ana e ngā wero e pā ana ki te urunga atu, te iti o ngā hanganga, me ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi. Heoi anō, he nui te pūmanawa o ēnei rohe nā roto i ngā hua taupori, ngā rauemi kohuke, me ngā whai wāhitanga pūngao hou.
4. Te hokohoko ā-ao me ngā huarahi rautaki ā-whenua
Ko te hokohoko o te ao e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā ara e "raka" ana i te nekehanga o ngā taonga. He wāhi nui ngā awaawa me ngā awaawa hei aukati i te nekehanga o ngā taonga, pērā i te awaawa o Malaka, te awaawa o Suez, te awaawa o Panama, me te awaawa o Hormuz. Ina puta he raruraru i ēnei wāhi—te pakanga, te tahae waka, te pakaru o ngā kaipuke, ngā kaupapa here here rānei—ka pāngia ngā utu pūngao, ngā utu kaipuke, me te pumau o te tuku taonga o te ao.
Haunga ngā ara moana, he mea nui anō hoki ngā ara whenua, pērā i te whatunga tereina whakawhiti-Eurasia, ngā paipa hiko, me ngā kaupapa hanganga whakawhiti-rohe. Ka taea e ngā wāhi matawhenua rautaki te whakarato i ngā painga ōhanga mā roto i ngā ratonga tauranga, te whare putunga, te kawe waka, me te kaweake anō.
5. Ngā mekameka tuku taonga ā-ao: mai i te whenua o ngā rauemi mata ki te whenua ahumahi
Kotahi te hua hou—he waea pūkoro, he motuka, he rorohiko rānei—he hua nō te mekameka tuku taonga o te ao. Ko ngā rauemi mata pēnei i te lithium, te nikara, te parahi, me te bauxite ka ahu mai i te rohe; ka hangaia ngā wāhanga hiko i roto i ngā rōpū ahumahi hangarau teitei; he maha ngā wā ka whakahaerehia te huihuinga ki ngā rohe he utu mahi whakataetae me te hanganga kaweake kaha; ā, ka puta te tohatoha mā roto i ngā tauranga nui me ngā pokapū kawe taonga.
E whakaatu ana tēnei tauira kāore te whenua ahumahi e whakatauhia ana e ngā rauemi anake, engari e te tata ki ngā mākete, ngā ture, te pumau tōrangapū, te wātea o ngā kaimahi pūkenga, me ngā hiahia pūngao. Nō reira, kua angitu te nekehanga o ētahi whenua mai i ngā kaweake rauemi mata ki ngā pokapū hanga hangarau, ki ngā pokapū ratonga rānei, ko ētahi kei te whakawhirinaki tonu ki ngā taonga matua.
6. Te noho tāone, ngā tāone nui o te ao, me te kore taurite ā-rohe
He āhuatanga nui te noho tāone i roto i te ōhanga o te ao hou. He aukume ngā tāone nui mō te whakapaipai, te mahi, me te auahatanga. I roto i te ariā me te mahi, ko te whakakotahitanga ōhanga—te whakakotahitanga o ngā ahumahi, ngā ratonga, ngā whare wānanga, me ngā whatunga pakihi—ka nui ake te hua o ngā tāone. Nā tēnei i ara ake ai ngā "tāone o te ao" e mahi ana hei pokapū pūtea, tauhokohoko, me te ahurea, pērā i a Rānana, Niu Ioka, Tōkyō, Shanghai, Singapore, me Dubai.
Heoi anō, ka puta hoki te kore taurite ā-whenua i tēnei kukū. He maha ngā wā ka noho whakamuri ngā rohe o uta, o tuawhenua rānei, i runga i ngā hanganga me ngā whai wāhitanga mahi. I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, ko te āputa i waenga i ngā rohe takutai e honoa ana e te hokohoko ā-ao me te rohe ahuwhenua he wero whanaketanga. Ka whai wāhi tēnei kore taurite ki te hekenga mai o roto, ngā pēhanga whare, me te huringa whakamahinga whenua.
7. Te huringa āhuarangi me te panonitanga ōhanga o te ao
He taurangi whenua hou te huringa āhuarangi e whakatau ana i te ōhanga o te ao. Ko te pikinga o te pāmahana, te nekehanga o ngā tauira ua, te pikinga o te taumata moana, me te pikinga o ngā āhuatanga huarere kino kei te pā ki te ahuwhenua, te hī ika, te inihua, te kawe waka, me te hauora tūmatanui. Ko ngā tāone takutai moana e mahi ana hei pokapū hokohoko o te ao e tūpono ana ki te waipuke tai me ngā ngaru tupuhi. Ko ngā rohe maroke e tūpono ana ki te ahotea wai ka taea te whakaoho i te pakanga me te hekenga.
I taua wā anō, kei te haere tonu te panonitanga ki te ōhanga iti-waro. Kei te whakataetae ngā whenua me ngā kamupene ki te whakawhanake i te pūngao hou (te rā, te hau, te wai, te waiariki), ngā waka hiko, me te whai huatanga o te pūngao. Kei te huri tēnei i te āhua o te ōhanga kohuke: kei te piki haere te tono mō te nikara, te konukuraiti, te parahi, me te riitiuma. Kei ngā whenua kei a rātou ēnei rauemi me te kaha ki te whakawhanake i ngā ahumahi tukatuka me te hanga he whai wāhi ki te whiwhi tūranga rautaki i roto i te ōhanga ā muri ake nei.
8. Whakamutunga
Kāore e taea te mārama ki te pūnaha ōhanga o te ao me te kore he whenua. Ko te taunga whenua, te urunga atu ki te moana, ngā rauemi, te āhuarangi, me te mōrearea āwhati te hanga i ngā kaha me ngā herenga ōhanga o tētahi whenua. I te ao o te ao whānui, ka honoa ēnei āhuatanga whenua mā roto i te hokohoko, te haumitanga, me ngā mekameka tuku, ka taea ai e ngā huihuinga i tētahi wāhanga o te ao te pā ki ngā utu me ngā tuku i ētahi atu wāhi.
Mā te mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ōhanga me te whenua ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama he aha i puta ai ngā pokapū ahumahi i ētahi rohe, he aha i noho rautaki ai ngā huarahi kaipuke, he aha i puta ai ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe, me pēhea te hurihanga o te āhuarangi i te whenua ōhanga o te ao. Hei whakamutunga, ko te wero nui ko te whakahaere a ngā whenua i ō rātou pūmanawa whenua kia pumau tonu—te hanga hanganga, te whakapakari i ngā rauemi tangata, te tiaki i te taiao, me te whakarite kia horahia ngā painga ōhanga kia ōrite puta noa i ngā rohe.
