Ngā Pūnaha Taunga i roto i te Hanga Mahere
I te ao o te mahere whenua, ko ngā mōhiohio tauwāhi te kaupapa matua o te tukanga katoa. Hei whakatau tika i tētahi pūwāhi i runga i te mata o te Ao, me whai huarahi paerewa hei whakapuaki i te "kei hea" taua pūwāhi. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai ngā pūnaha taunga. Ko ngā pūnaha taunga he reo whānui e āhei ai te hanga, te pānui, te tātari, me te whakauru i ngā mahere ki ētahi atu raraunga. Ki te kore he pūnaha taunga mārama, ka uaua te whakamahi i ngā mahere nā te mea kāore e taea te whakatau tika i te tūranga o ngā mea, inā koa ka ahu mai ngā mahere i ngā pūtake rerekē, ka whakamahia rānei mō ngā kaupapa hangarau pēnei i te whakamahere rohe, te whakatere, me te aroturuki i ngā āhuatanga kino.
Te Mārama ki ngā Pūnaha Taunga
Ko te pūnaha taunga he tikanga hei whakaatu i te tūranga o tētahi pūwāhi i runga i ētahi uara kua whakaaetia. I roto i te mahere, ka whakaatuhia ngā taunga i roto i ngā āhuatanga e rua, e toru rānei: te rawhiti–uru (x), te raki–tonga (y), ā, i ētahi wā ko te teitei (z). Kāore he pūnaha taunga e noho motuhake ana. He wāhanga ia o tētahi anga nui ake, he pūnaha tohutoro ā-whenua, kei roto ko tētahi tauira o te Ao (rārangi), ngā matapae mahere, me ngā waeine ine.
Pūnaha Taunga Whenua (Whānui me te Roa)
Ko te pūnaha taunga whenua e mōhiotia whānuitia ana, e whakamahi ana i te whānui me te roa. Ko ēnei taunga e ahu mai ana i te āhua porowhita tata o te Ao. Ko te whānui e ine ana i te koki mai i te ekueta (0°) ki te Pou Raki (90° N) me te Pou Tonga (90° S). Ko te roa e ine ana i te koki mai i te Meridian Matua (0°) i Greenwich ki te 180° ki te rawhiti, ki te hauauru rānei.
He maha ngā momo tuhinga e tuhia ai ngā taunga whenua, hei tauira:
1. Ngā Nekehanga Ngā Miniti Ngā Hēkona (DMS): 7° 48' 30” Te Whānui ki te Tonga, 110° 22' 15” Te Whānui ki te Rawhiti
2. Tekau mā Rua (DD): -7.80833, 110.37083
3. Ngā Nekehanga me ngā Miniti Ira-ā-ira (DM): 7° 48.500' Te Whanui ki te Tonga, 110° 22.250' Te Roa ki te Rawhiti
Ko te painga o te pūnaha matawhenua ko tōna āhua ā-ao me tōna whakamahinga whānui me te GPS. Heoi, ko ngā taunga whānui me te roa kei roto i ngā koki, ehara i te waeine o te roa. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ngāwari te tatau i te tawhiti, i te horahanga rānei mai i ngā taunga matawhenua pērā i te pūnaha taunga e hangai ana ki te mita.
Pūnaha Taunga Matapae (Ngā Taunga Papa)
Mō ngā mahi hanga mapi, inā koa ngā mapi nui pēnei i ngā mapi tāone, ngā mapi ā-wāhi, ngā mapi hangarau rānei, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he pūnaha taunga matapae. Ka matapaetia e tēnei pūnaha te mata piko o te Ao ki runga i tētahi papa papatahi kia whakaatuhia ai ngā taunga ki ngā waeine roa (te nuinga o ngā mita). Ko ngā taunga matapae ko ngā taunga Rawhiti (X) me te Rawhiti (Y).
He tino āwhina ngā pūnaha whakaata i roto i:
– He whaihua ake te ine i te tawhiti me te horahanga.
– Ka tika ake te tātari ā-wāhi (te paparua, te ārai, te tatau i te rohe) mō ētahi rohe.
– Te whakaurunga raraunga i tētahi tauine taipitopito, hei tauira, ngā whatunga rori, ngā rohe whenua, ngā hanganga rānei.
Heoi anō, he hapa kei ia whakaaturanga, tae atu ki ngā hapa o te āhua, te horahanga, te tawhiti, me te ahunga. Nō reira, he mea nui te whiriwhiri i te momo whakaaturanga, ā, me whakarite kia rite ki te kaupapa o te mapi me te wāhi e maheretia ana.
Datum: Te Pūtake o tētahi Pūnaha Taunga
He maha ngā tāngata e kōrero ana mō ngā taunga, engari kāore e whakahuatia te rātaka, ahakoa ko te rātaka te mea e whakatau ana i te tūranga o ngā taunga e pā ana ki te tauira o Papatūānuku. Ko te rātaka he tawhā e tautuhi ana i te rahi me te āhua o te porowhita me te āhua o tōna "taunga" ki te Papatūānuku tūturu.
Ngā tauira o ngā raraunga noa:
– WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984): te paerewa ā-ao e whakamahia ana e te GPS.
– NAD83 (Amerika Te Raki), ETRS89 (Ūropi), me ētahi atu raraunga ā-motu.
– I Initonīhia, kei reira ngā raraunga pēnei i te DGN95 e pā ana ki te WGS84, me ētahi atu pūnaha tohutoro e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahere ā-motu.
Mena he rerekē ngā raraunga, ka taea e ngā taunga e āhua rite ana te tohu ki ngā wāhi e rerekē ana i ētahi mita, i ngā tekau mita rānei. I roto i te mahere tika, he mea nui tēnei rerekētanga.
Tauira o tētahi Pūnaha UTM i roto i te Mahere
Ko tētahi o ngā pūnaha taunga matapae rongonui ko te UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator). Ka wehea e te UTM te Ao kia 60 ngā rohe, he 6° te whānui o ia rohe. He pūnaha taunga motuhake tō ia rohe. Hei tauira, kei roto a Initonīhia i ētahi rohe, pērā i ngā rohe 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, me te 54, i runga i te tauwāhi.
Ngā painga o te UTM:
– Mā te whakamahi i ngā mita hei waeine ka māmā ake ngā tataunga.
– He iti noa te hē o te nekehanga i ia rohe.
– E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te GIS me ngā rangahau mahere.
Heoi, ko te ngoikoretanga, ina whiti te rohe mahere i ngā rohe rohe, ka uaua ake te tukatuka raraunga nā te mea kei roto ngā taunga i ngā pūnaha rohe rerekē.
Ngā Pūnaha Taunga ā-Rohe me ngā Mātiti Mahere
Haunga ngā pūnaha ā-ao pēnei i te matawhenua me te UTM, kei reira anō ngā pūnaha taunga ā-rohe. Kua hangaia ēnei pūnaha mō ngā hiahia motuhake, pēnei i ngā kaupapa hanga, te keri maina, te mahere whenua iti rānei. He māmā ake ngā pūnaha ā-rohe, ā, kua hangaia kia rite ki tētahi wāhi mahi motuhake, kia whakaitihia ai te hē, kia whai hua ake ai hoki ngā inenga.
Hei tāpiritanga, he maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia he mata tukutuku (ngā rārangi kōpikopiko, ngā rārangi whānui-roa rānei) hei tohutoro tirohanga. Mā ngā mata tukutuku ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakamahi mapi ki te pānui tere i te tūranga o ngā mea, ā, ka whakahaere i te pūrongo tauwāhi, hei tauira, i runga i ngā mapi whenua, i ngā mapi hōia rānei.
Te Hononga o ngā Pūnaha Taunga ki te GIS me te GPS
I tēnei ao hou, he hononga tata te hanga mapi ki ngā hangarau GIS (Geographic Information System) me te GPS (Global Positioning System). Ko te tikanga, ka whakaratohia e te GPS ngā taunga i roto i te whakatakotoranga matawhenua me te raraunga WGS84. Ina whakamahia ngā raraunga GPS i roto i te GIS hei hanga mapi, ko ngā tukanga e whai ake nei e hiahiatia ana:
– Te Whakaata Anō: te whakarerekē i te pūnaha taunga mai i te matawhenua ki te whakaata (hei tauira, ki te UTM).
– Te whakarerekētanga raraunga: ka whakarerekē i te raraunga kia ōrite ki ētahi atu raraunga e whakamahia ana.
– Te whakarerekētanga o te tauine me te tika: te whakarite kia tika ngā raraunga mō te tauine mahere e hiahiatia ana.
Ko tētahi hapa noa i roto i te mahere matihiko ko te whakaranu i ngā raraunga mai i ngā pūnaha taunga rerekē me te kore e tika te whakawhiti. Ka taea e tēnei te neke i ngā taunga o ngā mea, te hanga i ngā taupatupatu hē, te whakaputa rānei i ngā tātaritanga hē.
Te Tika me te Kōwhiringa o ngā Pūnaha Taunga
I te hanga mapi, me whai whakaaro ki te whiriwhiri i te pūnaha taunga:
1. Rahi o te rohe: mō ngā rohe tino nui, he pai ake te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha matawhenua, i tētahi matapae rānei; mō ngā rohe iti, he tika ake pea te whakamahi i tētahi matapae ā-rohe.
2. Te kaupapa o te mahere: me whai aronga ōrite ngā mahere whakatere, ka aro pea ngā mahere kaupapa ki te rohe, ki te tohatoha rānei, ka hiahia ngā mahere hangarau ki ngā taunga mita tika.
3. Pūtake raraunga: mēnā kei roto i te WGS84 te nuinga o ngā raraunga, mā te pupuri i taua raraunga ka māmā ake te whakauru.
4. Tauine mahere: ka nui ake te tauine (ka nui ake te taipitopito), ka nui ake te hiranga o te tika o te raraunga me te tika o te matapae.
I roto i te horopaki o te mahi ngaio, ko ngā paerewa ā-motu, ko ngā tari mahere whenua rānei (hei tauira, ko ngā tari whenua ā-wāhi) e whakarato ana i ngā aratohu pūnaha taunga kua tūtohutia hei whakarite kia hototahi ngā raraunga i waenga i ngā tari.
Te Katinga
He mea nui ngā pūnaha taunga ki te hanga mahere nā te mea koinei te pūtake mō te whakatau i te tauwāhi me te whakauru i ngā raraunga ā-wāhi. He pai ngā taunga whenua (whānui-roa) mō te tohutoro ā-ao me te whakamahinga whānui, pērā i te GPS, ko ngā taunga matapae, pērā i te UTM, ka āwhina i te ine i te tawhiti me te horahanga i roto i ngā mita. Kaua e warewarehia ngā raraunga me ngā matapae, nā te mea he pānga nui ki te tika o te tūnga. Mā te mārama ki ngā pūnaha taunga—tae atu ki te whiriwhiri me te whakamahi—ka nui ake te tika, te ōrite, me te pono o ngā mahere ka puta mō ngā momo kaupapa, mai i te mātauranga ki te whakamahere ā-wāhi me te whakatau kaupapa.
