Ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua i roto i te Whakahaere Āituā
Pendahuluan
Kua noho ko ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua (GIS) hei taputapu nui i roto i ngā momo mara, tae atu ki te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga kino. I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua tino piki ake te auau me te kaha o ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao. Ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te waipuke, te rū whenua, te awhiowhio, me te horo whenua ka pā kino ki ngā mate me ngā oranga tangata. Nō reira, me whai huarahi hangarau matatau te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga kino ki te whakaiti i te kino, te whakarite, te urupare, me te whakaora. Ka tukuna e ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua ngā otinga whānui hei tautoko i ēnei wāhanga.
He aha te Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua?
He pūnaha rorohiko te GIS e kaha ana ki te kohikohi, ki te penapena, ki te tātari, me te whakaatu i ngā raraunga e hono ana ki ngā wāhi o te mata o te Ao. Ko te mahi matua o te GIS he whakaputa mapi matihiko e whakarato ana i ngā whakaaturanga raraunga ā-wāhi me ngā taumata mōhiohio maha. I roto i te horopaki o te whakahaere āwhata, ka whakamahia te GIS hei aroturuki me te tātari i te whānuitanga o ngā raraunga matawhenua, mai i ngā mapi whenua ki ngā raraunga amiorangi, e āwhina ana i ngā rautaki whakaiti āwhata me te whakautu.
Te Tūranga o te GIS i roto i te Whakahaere Āhuatanga Ārai Mate
Ka taea te wehewehe i te whakahaere āwhati kia maha ngā wāhanga: te whakaiti i te āwhati, te whakarite, te urupare, me te whakaora. Ka taea te whakapai ake i ia wāhanga mā te whakamahi i ngā āheinga GIS.
1. Whakaiti
Ko te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga o te taiao ko ngā mahi i mahia i mua i te puta mai o tētahi aituā hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea me ngā pānga. Mā te GIS ka taea te tātari taipitopito i ngā mōrearea me ngā ngoikoretanga mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga hītori mai i ngā aituā o mua me ngā raraunga taiao pēnei i te whakamahinga whenua, te āhuarangi, me te whenua. Hei tauira, ka taea e te GIS te āwhina i te whakamahere ā-wāhi pai mā te tautuhi i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te waipuke me te taunaki i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā hanganga ātete-aituā.
2. Te Whakarite
Ko te whakarite te wāhanga e aro ana ki te whakawhanake i ngā mahere me te whakarite rauemi hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga kino. Ka taea te whakamahi i te GIS hei waihanga i ngā mahere tūpono e whakaatu ana i ngā wāhi tino mōrearea. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te GIS te whakauru i ngā raraunga taupori hei tautuhi i ngā taupori whakaraerae e hiahia ana ki te whakawātea, ki te āwhina motuhake rānei. Mā ēnei whakaaturanga, ka taea e ngā mana whakahaere te whakawhanake i ngā huarahi whakawātea, te kimi rautaki i ngā pokapū āwhina me te tohatoha, me te whakangungu i ngā rōpū urupare āhuatanga kino me ngā horopaki e hangai ana ki te tauwāhi.
3. Whakautu
Ina pā mai he aituā, he mea nui te tere o te urupare. Ka whakaratohia e te GIS ngā mōhiohio wā-tūturu he mea tino nui mō ngā mahi whakaora me te tohatoha āwhina. Mā te whakamahi i te GIS, ka taea e ngā tīma urupare aituā te tohu i te wāhi o te kino nui, te whakamahere i te huarahi tere ki te wāhi aituā, me te whakarite i ngā mahi tahi. Ka taea hoki te whakauru i ngā raraunga amiorangi me ngā mahere drone hei whakarato i tētahi pikitia wā-tūturu o te āhuatanga i runga i te whenua, hei āwhina i te whakatau kaupapa.
4. Whakaora
I muri i tētahi aituā, ka tīmata te wāhanga whakaora me te whāinga kia whakahokia ngā hapori me te taiao ki ngā āhuatanga o mua i te aituā, kia pai ake rānei i mua i te aituā. Ka taea te whakamahi i te GIS hei āwhina i te aromatawai i ngā kino, te whakamahere hanga anō, me te aroturuki i te ahunga whakamua o te whakaora. Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga i kohia i mua atu, ā, i muri mai hoki i tētahi aituā, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga me ngā whakahaere te hanga kaupapa whakaora whai hua ake, whai hua ake hoki.
He Akoranga Take mō te Whakamahinga o te GIS i roto i te Whakahaere Āhuatanga Kino
1. Te Āituā Āniwaniwa i Aceh (2004)
I te pānga o te tsunami ki Āke i te tau 2004, i tere ake te urupare mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga GIS. Mā te tātari raraunga ā-wāhi, i taea e ngā tīma whakaora te mahere i ngā wāhi tino pāngia, me te whakawātea wawe i ngā kainoho. I whakamahia hoki ngā raraunga taupori hei whakaahua i te ngoikore o te taupori, me te arotahi pai ake i ngā mahi whakaora me te tohatoha āwhina.
2. Ngā Ahi Ngāhere i Ahitereiria
I roto i te urupare ki ngā ahi ngahere, ka whakamahia e te kāwanatanga o Ahitereiria te GIS hei mahere i ngā wāhi kua wera, me te matapae i te horapa o te ahi i runga i te hau me te haumākū. Ka āwhina ngā raraunga amiorangi wā-tūturu ki te aroturuki i te ahunga whakamua o te ahi me te whakatau i ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia whakawāteahia. Ka whakamahia hoki te GIS hei hoahoa i ngā huarahi mō ngā hērakapeta me ngā kaipatu ahi kia pai ake ai te mahi.
3. Ngā waipuke i Jakarta
He āhuatanga ā-tau te waipuke i Jakarta, he maha ngā wā ka puta mai i te ua nui me ngā pūnaha waikeri ngoikore. Ka whakamahia te GIS hei whakawhanake i ngā mapi mōrearea waipuke e tautuhi ana i ngā wāhi ngoikore, ā, ka āwhina i te whakamahere ā-wāhi pai ake. Ka whakamahia e te kāwanatanga ngā raraunga GIS hei whakamahere i te hanganga o ngā pareparenga, hei whakapai ake i ngā pūnaha waikeri, me te whakarato mōhiohio me ngā whakatūpato wawe ki ngā kainoho.
Ngā Wero me ngā Otinga i roto i te Whakatinanatanga GIS
Ahakoa ōna painga maha, he maha ngā wero kei mua i te whakatinanatanga o te GIS i roto i te whakahaere āwhati. Kei roto i ēnei ko te wātea me te tika o ngā raraunga, ngā herenga tahua, te hiahia mō ngā tohungatanga hangarau motuhake, me ngā take whakaritenga i waenga i ngā tari.
Hei whakakore i ēnei wero, ko ētahi otinga ka taea te whakatinana ko:
1. Te Mahi Ngātahi me te Tiritiri Raraunga
Mā te rokiroki me te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga whai hua ake i waenga i ngā umanga ka pai ake te whai huatanga o te GIS. Mā ngā kaupapa mahi tahi a te kāwanatanga, te ao mātauranga, me te rāngai tūmataiti, ka taea te whakamahi pai ake i ngā rauemi me ngā raraunga.
2. Te Whakangungu me te Whakawhanake Pūkenga
He mea nui te whakangungu me te whakapakari i te kaha o ngā kaimahi whakahaere aituā kia mārama ai rātou ki te GIS me te whakamahi hoki. Mā te mātauranga ōkawa me ngā wā whakangungu mahi ka taea te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga hangarau e tika ana.
3. Te Pūtea Rawaka
He mea nui te whakarato pūtea e ranea ana mō te tāutanga me te tiaki i ngā pūnaha GIS me te hoko raraunga kounga teitei. Ka taea tēnei mā te tohatoha tahua tika me te rapu puna pūtea tāpiri, pērā i ngā putea mai i ngā whakahaere o te ao.
4. Te Whakamahinga o ngā Hangarau Hou
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te tātari raraunga nui, te ako mīhini, me te rorohiko kapua hei whakarei ake i te kaha o te GIS. Mā tēnei ka taea te tātari raraunga tere ake, tika ake hoki, ā, ka māmā ake te uru atu ki ngā raraunga mai i ngā wāhi rerekē.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua i roto i te whakahaere āwhati. Mai i te whakaiti i te āwhati ki te whakaora, ka taea e te GIS te whakarato i ngā raraunga e hiahiatia ana hei whakatau pai ake, tere ake, me te whai hua ake. Ahakoa ngā wero, mā te mahi tahi, te whakangungu, te pūtea e tika ana, me te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou, ka taea te whakapai ake i te whakatinanatanga o te GIS i roto i te whakahaere āwhati. Mā tēnei, ka taea e ngā hapori te whakarite pai ake mō ngā āwhati, ā, ka taea hoki te whakaiti i ō rātou pānga.
