Ngā Tikanga Mahere Ru Whenua i raro i te Wai
He tikanga nui te mahere whenua ru i raro i te wai mō te tūhuratanga i raro i te wai, inā koa i roto i te tūhuratanga hinu me te hau me ngā rangahau whenua o te papa moana. Nā te whanaketanga hangarau, kua tino whanake haere tēnei tikanga, ā, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini te whiwhi pikitia taipitopito me te tika ake o te hanganga o te papa o raro i te moana. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga mahere whenua ru i raro i te wai e whakamahia whānuitia ana, me ō rātou painga me ngā wero.
Pendahuluan
Ko te ru whenua o raro i te wai he tikanga e whakamahi ana i ngā ngaru ru whenua hei hanga whakaahua, hei mapi rānei o te mata o raro o te moana. He rite te kaupapa matua ki ngā tikanga ru whenua, arā, ka tukuna ngā ngaru ru whenua ki roto i te whenua, ā, ka hopukina ō rātou whakaata, ō rātou hurihanga rānei e ngā kaiwhiwhi, kātahi ka whakamāramatia hei whakaatu i te hanganga whenua i raro i te mata.
Te Pūtake Ariā o ngā Tikanga Rūwhenua
Ko te tikanga, ko ngā tikanga ru whenua e hangai ana ki te ine i te wā haere o ngā ngaru ru whenua i a rātou e whakaata ana, e uru ana rānei (e whakaata ana) i ngā paparanga i raro i te mata o te moana. Ka puta ēnei ngaru i tētahi pūtake ru whenua, pērā i te pū hau, i te pū pahū rānei, ā, ka hopukina e ngā hydrophone, e ngā geophone rānei.
Whakaata Ru
Ko te whakaata rū whenua te tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana. I roto i tēnei tikanga, ka tukuna ngā ngaru rū whenua mai i tētahi pūtake i runga i tētahi waka tūhura ki te papa moana. Ina pā ēnei ngaru ki ngā paparanga whenua o ngā momo matotoru rerekē, ka whakaatahia ētahi o te kaha ngaru ki te mata, ā, ka hopukina e tētahi kaiwhiwhi i runga i tētahi taura awa i muri i te waka. Kātahi ka tukatukahia ngā raraunga kua riro mai hei whakaputa i tētahi whakaahua, i tētahi kōtaha rānei o te mata o raro.
Te Whakaata Ru
Ko te tikanga whakaata rū whenua e uru ana ki ngā ngaru rū whenua e uru ana ki ngā paparanga o raro i te mata, ā, e whakaata ana i ngā rohe i waenga i ngā paparanga me ngā tere rū whenua rerekē. Ka inehia ēnei ngaru mā ngā geophone e whakanohoia ana ki raro i te wai, ki runga rānei i ngā kaipuke. He whai hua ēnei raraunga mō te mārama ki ngā tere rū whenua i roto i ngā paparanga o te Ao me ngā hanganga whenua i ngā hohonutanga nui atu i te tikanga whakaata.
Ngā Utauta me ngā Hangarau
Pūtake Ru
Ngā Pū Hau
He taputapu ngā pū hau hei whakaputa ngaru ru mā te tuku i te nui o te hau pēhanga nui ki roto i te wai. Koinei te pūtake ru tino whakamahia i roto i ngā rangahau ru moana nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakaputa ngaru he kaha teitei me ngā auau ka taea te whakahaere.
Pahūtanga
Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā pahūtanga hei pūtake ru whenua, ahakoa he iti ake te kitea i ngā pū hau. Ka pahūtia ngā pahūtanga i raro i te wai hei whakaputa i ngā ngaru ru whenua tino kaha, he mea tino whai hua i roto i ngā rangahau i ngā wāhi he uaua te āhua o raro i te whenua.
Kaiwhiwhi Ngaru Ru
Ngā waea wai
He kaiwhiwhi ngaru ru ngā waea wai, ā, i hangaia mō te whakamahi i raro i te wai. Ka hopukina e rātou ngā ngaru ru e whakaatahia ana mai i raro i te whenua, ā, ka hurihia hei tohu hiko ka taea te tukatuka atu.
Kaituku
He taura roa te taura rere, he raupapa waea wai e tōia ana i muri i tētahi waka rangahau. E hia kiromita te roa o ēnei taura, ā, he mea whai hua mō te hopu tonu i ngā raraunga rū whenua i te wā e neke ana te waka.
Pūnaha Tukatuka Raraunga
Me tukatuka ngā raraunga ru whenua kua kohia mā te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa rorohiko matatau hei whakaputa i ngā whakaahua o raro i te whenua whai hua. He maha ngā mahi o tēnei tukatuka, pērā i te whakatikatika i te wā haere, te tātari, me te whakakoi i te whakaahua. Nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau rorohiko, ka taea te tukatuka raraunga ru whenua kia tere ake, kia mārama ake hoki ngā whakaahua, kia taipitopito ake.
Ngā Painga o ngā Tikanga Ruāwhenua o raro i te Wai
Te Tūhuratanga Rauemi Taiao
Kua noho ngā tikanga ru whenua o raro i te moana hei taputapu tino nui mō te tūhuratanga hinu me te hau i raro i te wai. Mā ngā raraunga ru whenua ka taea e ngā tohunga whenua te tautuhi me te mahere i ngā puna waikura me te tino tika. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i ngā kamupene hinu me te hau ki te whakatau i ngā wāhi keri pai rawa atu, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā utu tūhura me te whakapiki ake i te pai o te whakaputa.
Ngā Akoranga Whenua me te Tektonika
Haunga te tūhuratanga rauemi taiao, ka whakamahia hoki ngā tikanga ru whenua hei ako i te whenua me te tektonika o te papa moana. Mā ngā raraunga ru whenua ka āwhina ngā tohunga whenua ki te mārama ki ngā hanganga whenua o raro i te wai, pērā i te noho mai o ngā hapa, ngā maunga moana, me ētahi atu hanganga whenua uaua. He mea nui ēnei mōhiohio hei mahere i ngā mōrearea o te rū whenua me te tsunami.
Ngā Wero me ngā Ārai
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Moana
Ka pā nui ngā āhuatanga o te moana ki te kounga o ngā raraunga rū whenua kua kohia. Ka taea e ngā ngaru teitei, ngā ia kaha, me ngā āhuatanga kino o te rangi te whakararuraru i ngā mahi kohikohi raraunga, ā, ka whakaiti i te kounga o ngā tohu e hopukina ana e ngā waea wai.
Te Whakararuraru me te Haruru
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā raraunga rū whenua e te pokanoa, te haruru rānei mai i ngā momo pūtake, pērā i ētahi atu kaipuke, ngā mahi ahumahi o raro i te wai, tae atu ki ngā mea ora o te moana. He wero te tukatuka i ngā raraunga hei tango i tēnei haruru, ā, me whai tikanga tukatuka raraunga matatau.
Ngā Utu me ngā Whakahaere
Ko ngā mahi rangahau rū whenua o raro i te moana e hiahia ana ki te haumi nui ki ngā taputapu me ngā hangarau, tae atu ki ngā utu whakahaere nui. Ko ngā kaipuke rangahau, ngā puna rū whenua, ngā awaawa, me ngā pūnaha tukatuka raraunga me tiaki me te whakakapi i ia wā. Hei tāpiri, he uaua, he utu nui hoki ngā mahi whakarite i ngā mahi i te moana.
Te Anamata o ngā Tikanga Ruānuku i raro i te Wai
He tino pai te āhua o te heke mai o ngā tikanga ru whenua i raro i te wai, nā te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau ru whenua. E matapaetia ana ka whakapai ake ngā whanaketanga o te hangarau pūoko, te rorohiko, me ngā raraunga nui i te taumira me te tika o ngā raraunga ru whenua, me te tere ake hoki o te tukatuka raraunga.
E matapaetia ana hoki mā te whakaurunga ki ētahi atu hangarau, pērā i te pūoko mamao me ngā waka raro wai motuhake (AUV), ka huaki i ngā whai wāhitanga hou ki te tūhuratanga raro wai. Mā te whakamahinga o ngā AUV ka taea te whakahaere i ngā rangahau i ngā wāhi e uaua ana ki te tae atu e ngā kaipuke, ka pai ake te whai huatanga o te mahi me te haumaru.
Whakamutunga
He taputapu whai hua te mahere whenua rū whenua i raro i te wai mō te tūhuratanga rauemi taiao me ngā rangahau whenua o raro i te wai. Ahakoa he maha ngā wero hei wikitoria, kei te haere tonu ngā whanaketanga hangarau ki te whakatakoto huarahi mō ngā whakapainga o tēnei tikanga. Mā te mārama ake ki ngā hanganga whenua o raro i te wai, ka taea e tātou te whakatau whai whakaaro ake mō te tūhuratanga rauemi taiao me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea ā-taiao.
