Te Tāutu i ngā Hanganga Tektonika mā te Whakamahi i te Matawhenua
Pendahuluan
Ko ngā hanganga tektonika—pērā i ngā hapa, ngā takai, ngā rohe pakaru, me ngā rohe pereti—he mea matua e whakahaere ana i ngā nekehanga o te kirinuku o te Ao. He mahi nui tā ēnei hanganga i roto i te hanganga maunga, ngā tauira tohatoha rū whenua, ngā mahi puia, me te kohikohinga o ngā rauemi taiao pērā i ngā hauwaiwai, te pūngao waiariki, me ngā kohuke. Heoi, he maha ngā hanganga tektonika kāore e kitea ana i te mata, kāore rānei e hunaia e ngā paru taitamariki, ngā tipu, te wai, ngā mahi a te tangata rānei. Koinei te wā e noho ai te matawhenua hei taputapu nui: ka taea e tātou te "kite" ā-waha i te mata o raro mā te urupare ā-tinana o ngā toka ki ngā kaha, ngā ngaru, me te whenua.
Ka whakakotahi te Geophysics i ngā inenga o te mara, te tukatuka tohu, te whakatauira, me te whakamaoritanga hei whakaputa i ngā tawhā o raro i te mata pērā i te kiato, te tere o te ngaru, te ātete, me te aukume. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei tawhā, ka taea e ngā tohunga matawhenua te tautuhi i te āhua me ngā āhuatanga o ngā hanganga tectonic, tae atu ki tōna hohonu, te ahunga, te pari, me te haere tonu.
Ariā Taketake: He aha i kitea ai ngā hanganga tektonika i roto i ngā raraunga ā-whenua
Ka pāngia ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā toka e ngā hanganga tektonika. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā hapa te hanga i ngā rohe pakaru me ngā rohe kino kī tonu i te wai. Nō reira, ka heke te tere o ngā ngaru ru, ka huri te ātete (he maha ngā wā ka iti ake mēnā ka whakakiia ki te wai tote/wera), ā, ka heke te mātotoru. Ka taea e ngā kopa te whakarerekē i te whakatakotoranga o ngā paparanga toka, ka hua ake he tauira whakaata ru motuhake me ngā rerekētanga o ngā rerekētanga o te kaha ā-papa. Ka taea e ngā urunga magma ki ngā rohe tektonika te hanga i ngā rerekētanga aukume me te mātotoru teitei, me te pā ki te whakaiti i ngā ngaru ru.
Nā ēnei whanaungatanga, ko te tikanga, ka rapua e te whakamaoritanga ā-whenua:
1. Te whakataurite i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana i waenga i ngā waeine toka.
2. Te kore haere tonu, te panoni ohorere rānei (tohu hapa).
3. Ngā tauira āhuahanga (hei tauira, ngā rārangi ā-anticline–ngā rārangi syncline i roto i ngā raraunga whakaata).
4. Te anisotropy me te whakatakotoranga o ngā kapiti e pā ana ki te ahotea tektonika.
Tikanga Rūwhenua: Te Utauta Matua mō te Mahere Hanganga
Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga rū whenua te horapa o ngā ngaru rapa i roto i te Ao. E rua ngā huarahi nui:
1) Whakaata Ru
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te rū whenua whakaata i roto i te tūhuratanga hinu me te hau, engari he tino kaha hoki mō te mahere i ngā hanganga tektonika. Ka tukuna ngā ngaru mai i tētahi pūtake (hei tauira, he wiri wiri, he pahūtanga whakahaere rānei), ā, ka tuhia ō rātou whakaata e ngā geophone/hydrophone. Mā ngā panonitanga o te aukati oro i waenga i ngā paparanga ka puta he whakaata ka taea te mahere. Ka puta ngā hapa hei whakaata neke, hei mutunga whakaata, hei rohe pōrearea rānei. Ka puta ngā kopa hei tauira whakaata piko auau.
Ko te painga o te rū whenua whakaata ko tōna taumira teitei, ka taea te whakaatu i ngā paparanga taipitopito tae noa ki ētahi kiromita. Ko ngā wero ko te utu nui, te tukatuka uaua, me te kounga raraunga ka pirau i ngā wāhi maunga, i ngā toka kua tino pirau.
2) Te Whakaata me te Tomography Ru
Ka whakamahia e te rū whenua te hurihanga o ngā ngaru e hurihanga ana i ngā rohe tere-teitei. I ngā tauine papaku ki waenga, he whai hua tēnei tikanga ki te tautuhi i te hohonutanga o te toka papa, te matotoru o te oneone, me ngā rohe hapa papaku. I taua wā, ka hangaia anō e te tomography rū whenua—i ngā tauine ā-rohe me ngā tauine ā-rohe—ngā rerekētanga tere 2D/3D mai i ngā ara ngaru maha. He maha ngā wā ka puta ngā rohe hapa hohe hei wāhi tere-iti i puta mai i ngā pakaru me ngā wai.
I roto i te horopaki o ngā tektonika ā-rohe, he mea whai hua te tomography ruānuku kore mahi mō te mahere i ngā pereti toremi, ngā rohe rewa, me ngā rohe pereti.
Tikanga Taumaha: Te Pānui i ngā Rerekētanga Matotoru
Mā ngā rangahau kaha-papa ka ine i ngā rerekētanga o te tere o te kaha-papa o te Ao nā ngā rerekētanga o te mātotoru o raro i te mata. Ka taea e ngā hanganga tektonika te hanga i ngā rerekētanga nui o te mātotoru: he iti ake te mātotoru o ngā takotoranga parataiao i te toka papa, engari he nui ake te mātotoru o ngā urutomo whenua.
Ka taea e tētahi hapa nui te wehewehe i ngā poraka e rua o ngā matotoru rerekē, ka hanga he pikinga koi rerekē. Ka taea e ngā kopa me ngā peihana te whakaputa i ngā tauira rerekē e hono ana ki te āhua o raro i te mata. He tino whai hua te kaha ā-papa mō te mahere rohe, te whakatau i te hohonu o te papa raro, me te tautuhi i ngā peihana tectonic.
Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te koretake: ka taea te whakaputa i ngā rerekētanga ā-papatipu mā te maha o ngā huinga o ngā āhua me ngā kiato. Nō reira, ko ngā whakamaoritanga ā-papatipu ka honoa ki ngā raraunga whenua mata, whenua rū whenua, puna rānei.
Ngā Tikanga Aukume: Ngā Hanganga Āhua i roto i ngā Toka Aukume
Mā ngā tikanga aukume ka maherehia ngā rerekētanga o te papa aukume nā te aroaro o ngā kohuke aukume (hei tauira, te aukumeiti). Ka taea e ngā hanganga tektonika pēnei i ngā hapa te neke i ngā wae toka he rerekē ngā āhuatanga aukume, ka puta he āhua rerekē o te rārangi roa. I ngā rohe papa puia, tioata rānei, he tino whai hua ngā papa aukume mō te whai i ngā rohe lithological me te mahere i ngā urutomo e pā ana ki ngā rohe tektonika.
Ko te tātaritanga tātaitanga, te whakaiti ki te pou (RTP), me te mahere pikinga whakapae e whakamahia ana hei whakatikatika i ngā tohu rohe me ngā tohu hapa. I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā putunga parataiao kāore i te nui ngā kohuke aukume ka puta he ngoikore o ngā urupare, ā, ka whai hua ake ēnei tikanga i ngā wāhi he papa toka aukume.
Ngā Tikanga Hikohiko me te Hikohiko: Te Hopu i ngā Wai me ngā Rohe Pakaru
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā hapa me ngā rohe pakaru hei ara mō te rere o te wai—te wai whenua, ngā puna wera, me ngā pūwero waiariki. Nā te mea he nui te pānga o ngā wai ki te ātete, he tino whai hua ngā tikanga hiko whenua/EM.
1) Ātete (ERT)
Ka maherehia e te Tomography Ātete Hiko (ERT) te ātete 2D/3D i ngā tauine papaku. Ka puta pea ngā rohe hapa hei ara ātete iti (mēnā kua kī tonu i ngā wai kawe) hei ara ātete teitei rānei (mēnā kua kī tonu i te hau/kirita maroke), i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te rohe. He whai hua te ERT mō te mahere i ngā hapa papaku, i ngā ara turuturu, me te whanaungatanga o ngā hanganga ki ngā puna wai, ki ngā whakaaturanga waiariki rānei.
2) Magnetotelluric (MT)
Ka whakamahia e te MT ngā rerekētanga taiao o te papa hikohiko o te Ao hei mahere i te ātete ki raro ki te hohonutanga o te kirinuku, tae noa ki te papa o runga. He kaha te MT mō te tautuhi i ngā rohe kawe wai e pā ana ki te wai, ngā uku kua whakarerekētia e te wai wera, ngā rohe rewa wāhanga rānei. I roto i ngā rangahau tektonika, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te MT hei whai i ngā rohe totohu, ngā hapa nui (hei tauira, ngā rohe kutikuti), me ngā ara wai e whakahaere ana i te rū whenua.
GNSS, InSAR, me te Geodesy: Te Ine i te Hurihanga Kaha
Ahakoa "kite" ngā hanganga e ngā tikanga o runga ake nei, ka "kite" te geodesy i tā rātou nekehanga. Ka ine te GNSS (geodetic GPS) i te nekehanga o ngā pūwāhi mata me te tika o te mirimita ki te henimita, ko te InSAR ia (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) ka mahere i te rerekētanga nui o te mata mai i ngā whakaahua amiorangi. He mea nui ngā mea e rua mō te tautuhi i ngā hapa hohe, ngā tere paheke, te kohikohinga taumahatanga, me te rerekētanga i muri i te rū whenua.
Mā te InSAR, ka taea te whakamārama i ngā tauira pupuhi o te whenua e karapoti ana i ngā hapa, i ngā puia rānei hei pūtake o te whakarerekētanga o raro i te mata. Mā te whakauru i te matawhenua me te pūtaiao ru whenua ka puta he pikitia katoa o te huringa rū whenua: te raka, te tuku, me te whakatikatika.
Rerenga Mahi Whakauru me te Whakamārama
Mā te whakaurunga maha-tikanga ka taea te tautuhi i ngā hanganga tektonika tino pakari. Kei roto i te rerenga whānui:
1. Te kohikohi raraunga matawhenua: ngā mahere āhua whenua, ngā raraunga hapa, te paparanga whenua, me te āhua whenua.
2. Te hopu whenua ā-tinana e tika ana: te ru whenua mō te āhuahanga taipitopito, te kaha ā-papa/aukume mō te rohe, te ERT/MT mō ngā wai me ngā rohe ngoikore.
3. Te tukatuka me te whakatikatika: te tātari, te whakatikatika whenua, te hurihanga, te hekenga rū whenua, ki te wehewehe i ngā āhuatanga rerekē ā-rohe-toenga.
4. Te whakamārama tauira ārahi: te mōhio ki ngā momo kore haere tonu, ngā piki me ngā heke, me ngā tauira whakaata; te waihanga i ngā wāhanga whakawhiti 2D/3D; te whakamātautau i ngā horopaki.
5. Whakamana: te whakatairite ki ngā putunga whenua, ngā raraunga puna, ngā rarangi pukapuka rū whenua, ngā inenga whenua rānei.
6. Whakatauira whakamutunga: ngā tauira ariā me ngā tauira tauanga e pā ana ki te hanganga, te hohonutanga, me te mahi.
Ngā Wero me te Pōhēhē
Kei roto tonu i te whakamaoritanga ā-whenua te koretake nā te āhua ahurei o te hurihanga: ka taea e ngā tauira maha te whakamārama i ngā raraunga kotahi. Ko ētahi atu āhuatanga ko te haruru, te iti o te kapinga ara, te rerekētanga o ngā toka, me ngā pānga whenua. Nō reira, he mea nui kia ripoatahia he whānuitanga o ngā otinga (kaua ki te tau kotahi), te whakamahi i ngā here ā-whenua, me te mahi tātari aro.
Te Katinga
Mā te Geophysics ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi huinga tikanga kaha hei tautuhi i ngā hanganga tectonic, e huna ana, e neke haere ana hoki. Ka maherehia e te ru whenua te āhua o ngā paparanga me ngā hapa i te taumira teitei; ka whakaatuhia e te kaha ā-papa me te aukume ngā rerekētanga o te kiato me te aukume i ngā tauine rohe; ka whakaatuhia e ngā tikanga hiko/EM ngā rohe wai me ngā ngoikore o te toka; ā, ka aroturukihia e te geodesy te whakarerekētanga tuturu i te wā e puta ana. Mā te whakauru pai, ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa ēnei tikanga ki te mārama ki te whanaketanga tectonic engari ka tautoko hoki i te whakaiti i ngā tūponotanga rū whenua, te whakahaere wai whenua, me te tūhuratanga rauemi haumaru ake, whai hua ake hoki.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki te horopaki o Initonīhia (hei tauira, te rohe toremitanga o Java–Sumatra, te hapa o Sumatra, Palu-Koro) ka taea rānei te whakarerekē i te momo tuhituhi ki tētahi whakatakotoranga hautaka pūtaiao me ngā tohutoro.
