Te Tātaritanga Pūtake Rū me te Urupare Hanganga
Pendahuluan
Kei roto a Initonīhia i tētahi o ngā rohe tino whenua-tekonika o te ao, ā, he mea nui te rū whenua hei whakararu i te whakamahere me te whakawhanake i ngā hanganga. Ehara i te mea ko te nui o te rū whenua anake te take o te rū whenua, engari ko te āhua o te pūtake rū whenua e whakaputa ana i ngā ngaru rū whenua me te urupare a ngā hanganga ki ēnei wiri. Nō reira, he hononga kei waenganui i a rātou te tātari pūtake rū whenua me te urupare hanganga: te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te pūtake rū whenua me te whakamaori i ōna pānga ki te whanonga o ngā whare, ngā piriti, me ngā whare nui.
E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā taketake o ngā pūtake rū whenua, ngā tawhā matua e pā ana ki ngā wiri whenua, ngā tikanga tātari mōrearea rū whenua, me ngā mātāpono o te urupare hanganga me ōna pānga ki te hoahoa ātete rū whenua.
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1. Ngā Ariā Taketake o ngā Pūtake Rūwhenua
Ko te pūtake rū whenua te tikanga ā-tinana e puta ai he rū whenua, he nekehanga ohorere i te papa hapa. Ina nui ake te ahotea tektonika kua kohia i te kaha o te toka, ka tukuna te pūngao, ka horapa hei ngaru rū whenua. Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā pūtake rū whenua hei:
1. Ngā rū whenua tektonika: ka puta mai i ngā nekehanga o ngā pereti me ngā mahi hapa, ko te mea tino nui i Initonīhia.
2. Rū whenua tō (megathrust): ka puta i te rohe tō, ka taea te whakaputa rū whenua nui me ngā tsunami.
3. Ngā rū whenua papaku (rū whenua papaku): ka puta i ngā rū whenua hohe i te papaku, ā, he maha ngā wā ka tere ake te whenua tata ki te pūtake.
4. Ngā rū whenua i roto i te papa whenua: ka puta i roto i te pereti e heke ana, i ngā hohonutanga waenga ki te hohonu.
5. Ngā rū whenua puia: e pā ana ki ngā mahi magma, he rerekē ō rātou āhuatanga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka noho ā-rohe.
He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei momo pūtake nā te mea he rerekē te auau, te roa, me te tauira whakaiti (te ngoikore o te kaha) ka puta i ia momo.
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2. Ngā Tawhā Matua i roto i te Tātari Pūtake Rūwhenua
Ko te tātari pūtake rū whenua e arotahi ana ki ngā tawhā e whakaahua ana i te "rahi" me te "momo" o tētahi rū whenua, me te pēhea i tae ai taua pūngao ki te wāhi.
a. Te Rahi
Ko te kaha (hei tauira, Mw) e tohu ana i te pūngao e tukuna ana. Kāore te rū whenua nui e tohu ana i te kino nui atu i tētahi wāhi—nā te mea ko te tawhiti, ko ngā āhuatanga o te whenua, me te pūtake o te rū whenua ngā mea katoa e whakatau ana i te kaha o te rū whenua.
b. Te Tawhiti ki te Pūtake
Ka pā te tawhiti mai i te pūtake ki te wāhi (te tawhiti hypocentral, te tawhiti epicentral, te tawhiti pakaru rānei) ki te kaha o te wiri. Ka pāngia pea ngā hanganga e tata ana ki ngā hapa hohe e ngā pātere tere nui, inā koa i te wā e paheke ana ngā rū whenua, e whakamuri ana rānei i ngā hapa.
c. Te Hōhonutanga o te Rū Whenua
He nui ake te kino o ngā rū whenua papaku nā te mea kāore anō kia tino āraihia ngā ngaru. Ka taea te rongo whānui i ngā rū whenua hohonu, engari ko tōna kaha teitei he iti ake i te mata o te whenua i ngā rū whenua papaku o te kaha ōrite.
d. Te Tikanga Hapa me te Arotahitanga
Ka awe te tikanga hapa (noa, whakamuri, paheke-paheke) i te ahunga o te irahiko pūngao. Ka arotahi te āhuatanga o te aronga tika i te pūngao ki te ahunga o te horapa o te pakaru, ka nui ake te wiri o te taha kotahi o te hapa, pērā i te pā.
e. Ngā Āhuatanga Matawhenua me ngā Ara Whakatō
Ka rerekē ngā ngaru rū i a rātou e haere ana i roto i ngā paparanga whenua rerekē. He rerekē te tukunga o ngā auau teitei o ngā papa toka mārō i te oneone ngohengohe, ka taea e tēnei te whakanui ake i ngā wiri o ētahi wā.
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3. Mai i te Pūtake ki te Wāhi: Tātaritanga Tūponotanga Rūwhenua
I roto i te mahi hangarau, ka whakamaoritia te tātaritanga pūtake rū whenua hei tātaritanga mōrearea rū whenua, e whakaputa ana i ngā tawhā hoahoa pēnei i te whakaterenga whenua tihi (PGA), te urupare āwhata, te hītori wā rānei.
a. Huarahi Whakatau
Tautuhia te horopaki rū whenua "tika" nui rawa atu pea mai i tētahi pūtake kua hoatu (hei tauira, he hapa hohe tata), kātahi ka tatau i te rū i te wāhi. He mea noa tēnei huarahi mō ngā whare nui: ngā tāhuna, ngā tipu hiko karihi, me ngā hanganga nui.
b. Huarahi Tūponotanga (PSHA)
Ka whakaarohia e te Tātari Tūponotanga o te Ru whenua ngā pūtake rū whenua, ngā tohatoha rahi, ngā tere huihuinga, me te koretake o te tauira whakaiti. Ko te putanga he taumata tūponotanga mō tētahi wā hokinga motuhake (hei tauira, 475 tau, 2475 tau), kātahi ka whakamahia i roto i ngā mahere rū whenua me ngā paerewa hoahoa.
c. Whārite Matapae Nekehanga Whenua (GMPE)
Ka hono te GMPE i te rahi, te tawhiti, ngā āhuatanga o te papa, me te pūtake o te ru ki te kaha o te wiri (PGA, Sa(T)). He mea nui te whiriwhiri i tētahi GMPE e tika ana mō te rohe tectonic kia kore ai e pā kino te whakatau tata.
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4. Te Urupare Hanganga ki ngā Rū Whenua
Kia oti te whakatau tata i ngā wiri whenua i te papaanga, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te mārama ki te urupare a te hanganga. Ka pāngia te urupare a te hanganga e te papatipu, te pakari, te whakamākū, te whirihoranga, me te kounga o ngā taipitopito hanga.
a. Te Ariā o ngā Āhuatanga Hanganga
Ka taea te whakatauira i ngā hanganga hei pūnaha kotahi-tohu-o-te-herekore (SDOF) me ngā pūnaha maha-tohu-o-te-herekore (MDOF). Ina neke te whenua, ka pāngia te hanganga e te kaha ā-pūmau o:
– F = m × a
ko m te papatipu, ā, ko a te whakaterenga.
He wā tūturu (T) tō ngā hanganga. Mēnā ka tata te wā o te hanganga ki te wā matua o te nekehanga whenua, ka puta pea he haruru ka whakanui ake i te nekehanga me ngā kaha o roto.
b. Te Urupare Āhuarangi me te Āhuarangi Hoahoa
E whakaatu ana te kōpiko o te whānuitanga urupare i te urupare mōrahi (tere/tere/nekehanga) ki ngā rerekētanga o te wā. I roto i te hoahoa, ka whakangawaritia tēnei whānuitanga ki tētahi whānuitanga hoahoa e ai ki ngā paerewa (hei tauira, SNI), e whakaata ana i te taumata mōrearea me ngā āhuatanga o te wāhi (oneone mārō, oneone ngohengohe rānei).
c. Te Whanoketanga Ātete me te Ātetetanga Kore
E mōhio ana te hoahoa ātete rū whenua hou ka uru pea ngā hanganga ki tētahi wāhanga kore-pūmau i roto i tētahi rū whenua nui i te wā:
1) kāore e hinga,
2) he pai te ngāwari,
3) Ka puta te mararatanga o te pūngao i roto i ngā huānga kua "hangaia" kia rewa.
Ka whakamahia tēnei ariā mā te hoahoa kaha: te whakarite i te tikanga hinga e hiahiatia ana (hei tauira, "pou kaha–kurupae ngoikore" i roto i te anga wā).
d. Te Pānga o te Tauritekore
Ko ngā whare he āhua-L, he papa ngohengohe, he rerekētanga taumaha/pakaru nui, he takahuri nui) ka ngāwari ki te horapa me te pakaru i ngā wāhi noho o te whare. He maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he tātaritanga hihiri taipitopito ake mō ngā hanganga kāore i te ōrite.
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5. Ngā Taunekeneke o te Oneone-Hanganga me ngā Pānga ā-Rohe
Ko te urupare a tētahi hanganga ehara i te mea ka whakatauhia e te pūtake rū whenua me te hoahoa hanganga anake, engari e ngā āhuatanga o te oneone o te rohe anō hoki.
1. Te whakanui i te papaanga: Ka taea e ngā oneone ngohengohe te whakanui ake i te urupare i roto i tētahi wā. Nō reira, ka ngoikore ake pea ngā whare reo-ki-te-teitei i runga i ngā oneone ngohengohe nā te mea he roa ake te wā e kaha ana te pānga.
2. Te Wairewa: I roto i te oneone onepu mākū, ka taea e ngā wiri te whakanui ake i te pēhanga o ngā pūwero ki te wāhi e ngaro ai te kaha kutikuti o te oneone. Ka taea e ngā hanganga te piko, te totohu, te kino rānei i te turanga.
3. Te taunekeneke oneone-hanganga (SSI): ka mahi tahi te turanga me te oneone; ka taea e te SSI te whakaroa i te wā whai hua me te whakarerekē i te whakamākū, i ētahi wā ka whakaiti i te urupare, i ētahi wā ka kino ake i runga i ngā āhuatanga.
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6. Tikanga Tātari Urupare Hanganga
Ko ētahi tikanga noa i roto i te hangarau rū whenua, mai i te māmā ki te uaua:
1. Tātaritanga pūmau ōrite: he pai mō ngā whare iti-ki-waenga noa, ma te whakamahi i ngā kaha rū whenua taha e hangai ana ki te whānuitanga.
2. Tātaritanga aratau tauhohenga: ka tatau i te takoha o ētahi momo wiri, he mea noa mō ngā whare maha-papa me ngā hanganga uaua ake.
3. Tātari hītori wā: ka whakamahia ngā rekoata rū whenua tauine (hangai rānei); ko te nuinga e whakaatu ana i ngā whanonga hihiri, e whakamahia ana mō ngā hanganga nui, ngā hanganga koretake rānei.
4. Tātaritanga pana-whakamuri (pūmau kore-raina): aromatawai i te kaha whakarerekētanga me ngā tikanga tuku, āwhina i te aromatawai mahi (hoahoa e hangai ana ki te mahi).
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7. Ngā Pānga ki te Hoahoa me te Whakaiti i te Āhua
Mā te hono i te tātaritanga pūtake rū whenua me te urupare hanganga ka hua ake he rautaki whakaiti i te kaha:
– Te whiriwhiringa o te wāhi me te wehewehenga iti: karohia ngā hapa tata kaha, whakaarohia ngā āhuatanga o te oneone me te kaha o te whakanui.
– Ko te pūnaha hanganga e tika ana: te anga nekehanga, te pakitara kutikuti, te tautoko, te whakakotahitanga rānei, ka tīpakohia i runga i ngā whakaritenga o te ngāwari me te pakari.
– Ngā taipitopito ātete rū whenua: ngā taura piripono, ngā matau rū whenua, ngā hononga kurupae-pou tika, me te whakahaere kounga hanga.
– Parenga tāpiri: te wehewehe turanga me ngā ārai hei whakaiti i ngā kaha me ngā piko i roto i ngā whare nui.
– Aromatawai i ngā whare o nāianei: te whakahou mā te uhi i ngā ārai, te tāpiri i ngā pakitara kutikuti/whao tautoko, te whakapakari rānei i ngā hononga.
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Whakamutunga
Ko te tātari pūtake rū whenua e whakaahua ana i ngā āhuatanga o te rū whenua—te rahi, te tawhiti, te tikanga hapa, te hohonu, me te ara horapa—e whakatau ana i te kaha o te nekehanga whenua i tētahi wāhi. I taua wā, ka pāngia te urupare hanganga e te wā tūturu, te papatipu, te pakari, te makuku, ngā hapa, me ngā āhuatanga o te oneone ā-rohe. Kāore e taea te wehe i ēnei mea e rua: ko te whakatauira pūtake pai me te kore he aromatawai urupare hanganga tika ka tūpono tonu te whakaputa i ngā hoahoa morearea, me te ritenga kē.
I roto i tētahi whenua he nui ngā mahi rū whenua pērā i a Indonesia, ko te māramatanga whānui ki ngā pūtake rū whenua me te urupare hanganga te tūāpapa matua mō te whakatutuki i ngā hanganga pono: ehara i te mea he kaha anake, engari he kaha hoki ki te whakarerekē haumaru me te pupuri i te mahi kia rite ki ngā whāinga mahi ina puta he rū whenua nui.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia hangarau ake (me ngā whārite, ngā tauira tatau ira, me ngā tohutoro SNI) kia rongonui ake rānei mō ngā kaipānui whānui.
