Hanganga me te Mahi o ngā Peretā
Ko ngā pereti toto, arā, ngā pereti toto, he kongakonga pūtau iti e kitea ana i roto i te toto, ā, e whai wāhi ana ki te tukanga toto totoka (hemostasis). He wāhanga nui rātou o te pūnaha tohanga toto o te tangata, e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakamutu i te toto me te tīmatanga o te whakaora patunga. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te hanganga me te mahi a ngā pereti toto, me tō rātou hiranga ki te pupuri i te hauora o te tinana whānui.
Te Takenga me te Hanganga o ngā Peretā
Ka ahu mai ngā pereti toto i ngā pūtau nui e kiia nei ko ngā megakaryocytes i roto i te hinu wheua. He pūtau tino nui, he uaua hoki ngā megakaryocytes, ā, e tae ana te whānui ki te 100 maikiromita. Ka whakaputahia e ēnei pūtau ngā pereti toto mā te tuku i ngā kongakonga iti o ō rātou cytoplasm ki roto i te toto. Ka whakahaerehia tēnei tukanga e ngā momo tipu me ngā homoni, tae atu ki te thrombopoietin, e whakaoho ana i te whakaputa me te pakeketanga o ngā megakaryocyte.
Kia puta mai, ka rere ngā pereti toto i roto i te toto mō te 7 ki te 10 rā i mua i te whakangaromanga e te pūnaha reticuloendothelial, i roto i te whēkau me te ate te nuinga. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te maha o ngā pereti toto i roto i te toto kei waenga i te 150.000 ki te 450.000 ia maikororita. Ko te maha iti o ngā pereti toto ka kiia ko te thrombocytopenia, ko te maha teitei o ngā pereti toto ka kiia ko te thrombocytosis.
Hanganga Pereti
Ahakoa te iti o te rahi, he hanganga ahurei, he uaua hoki tō ngā pereti toto, arā, kei waenganui i te 2 me te 3 maikiromita te whānui. He maha ngā wāhanga matua o tō rātou hanganga:
1. Kiriuhi Plasma: Ko te paparanga o waho o ngā pereti toto, kei roto ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi mō ngā momo ngota tohu, tae atu ki te collagen, te fibrinogen, me ngā mea whakatipu. Ka tautokohia hoki e tēnei kiriuhi ngā glycoprotein e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakakotahi me te piri o ngā pereti toto ki ngā pakitara o ngā oko toto kua whara.
2. Cytoplasm: Ko te wāhanga o roto o te pereti toto kei roto ngā momo okana me ngā hanganga, tae atu ki ngā mitochondria, ngā lysosomes, me ngā granules. Kei roto i ēnei granules ngā granules alpha, kei roto ngā pūmua coagulation pērā i te fibrinogen me ngā growth factors, me ngā granules dens, kei roto ngā ngota pērā i te ADP me te konupūmā e whai wāhi ana ki te whakahohenga o ngā pereti toto.
3. Angaanga: He whatunga o ngā pūmua hanganga i roto i ngā pereti toto e whakarato ana i te āhua me te tautoko ā-ringa. Ko ngā huānga matua o tēnei angaanga ko te actin me ngā microtubules, e āhei ai ngā pereti toto ki te whakarerekē i ō rātou āhua i te wā e whakahohehia ana me te whakakotahitanga.
4. Pūnaha Hongere Tuwhera me te Pūnaha Ngongo Kikī: Ngā hanganga kiriuhi ā-roto e mahi ana i roto i te rokiroki me te tukunga o ngā ngota tohu. Ka kōrero te pūnaha hongere tuwhera ki waho o te pūtau, ā, ka āwhina i te tukunga o ngā ihirangi granule, ko te pūnaha ngongo kikī ia he mahi ki te rokiroki konupūmā me te whakahaere i ngā taumata konupūmā ā-roto.
Te Mahi a te Pereti
He maha ngā mahi matua a ngā pereti toto e pā ana ki te hemostasis me te whakaora patunga:
1. Te Hanganga o te Mono Peretā
Ina whara te oko toto, ka whakaoho tonu te collagen me te kiko o te pūtau mai i te matrix extracellular kua kitea i ngā pereti toto. Ka huri te āhua o ngā pereti toto kua whakahohehia, ka piri ake, ka piri ki te pakitara o te oko toto kua whara. Ka tīmata hoki rātou ki te tuku i ngā ihirangi o roto i ō rātou granules, tae atu ki ngā matū toto totoka me ētahi atu ngota tohu e kukume ana i ngā pereti toto ki te wāhi whara.
Ko te hua o tēnei tukanga ko te hanganga o tētahi puru pereti tuatahi e aukati ana i te toto mō te wā poto. Koinei te taahiraa tuatahi o te hemostasis tuatahi, e ārai ana i te nui o te toto e ngaro ana kia taea rā anō e ngā tikanga whakapūmau toto tuarua te hanga i tētahi toto toto pumau ake.
2. Tukunga o ngā Takawaenga Matū
I te whakahohenga, ka tukuna e ngā pereti toto ngā takawaenga matū mai i ō rātou granules. Ka tukuna e ngā granules alpha ngā pūmua pēnei i te fibrinogen, te platelet growth factor (PDGF), ngā factor coagulation, kininogen, me te vWf (von Willebrand factor), e whai wāhi ana ki te whakakotahitanga o ngā pereti toto me te pumau o te platelet plug. Ka tukuna e ngā granules dens ngā ngota iti pēnei i te ADP, ATP, serotonin, me te calcium, e whai wāhi ana ki te vasoconstriction, e kukume ana i ngā pereti toto ki te wāhi whara, me te whakahohenga anō o ngā pereti toto.
Hei tauira, ka herea te ADP ki te kaiwhakawhiwhi P2Y12 i runga i te mata o te pereti toto, ka puta he huringa āhua o te pereti toto, ka whakanui ake i tō rātou hononga ki te fibrinogen, ka whakapakari ake i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā pereti toto, ka hua ake he kaha ake te whakakotahitanga. He mahi nui tā te konupūmā i roto i ngā mahi maha o te whakapūmau, ka āwhina ki te hanga i ngā matatini whākōkī i runga i te mata o te pereti toto.
3. Te Whakapūpū me te Hanganga Fibrin
Haunga te hanga i te mono pereti toto me te tuku i ngā takawaenga, ka whakatairangahia hoki e ngā pereti toto te hanganga o te fibrin, he pūmua e whakapakari ana, e whakau ana hoki i te mono pereti toto. Ka whakaratohia e ngā pereti toto kua whakahohehia he mata e āwhina ana i te taunekeneke o ngā āhuatanga toto toto i roto i ngā ara o roto me waho, ā, ka mutu, ka huri te fibrinogen wairewa ki te fibrin kore wairewa. Kātahi ka hangaia e te fibrin he whatunga e mau ana i ngā toto whero me ētahi atu pūtau i roto i te toto, ka hanga he toto toto pumau.
4. Te Whakaora i te Patunga
Haunga tā rātou mahi i roto i te hemostasis, ka whai wāhi hoki ngā pereti toto ki te tukanga whakaora patunga. Ko ngā mea tipu e tukuna ana e ngā pereti toto, pērā i te PDGF, te vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), me te transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), ka whakaoho i te tipu me te hekenga o ngā pūtau ki te wāhi patunga, tae atu ki ngā fibroblast, ngā pūtau endothelial, me ngā pūtau epithelial. Ka āwhina tēnei tukanga i te hanganga o ngā kiko hou me ngā oko toto (angiogenesis), he mea nui mō te whakaora patunga whai hua.
Ngā Mate Pāreti
Ka pā mai ngā raruraru hauora maha i te kore mahi, i te koretake rānei o te tatau pereti toto:
– Thrombocytopenia: Ka taea e te iti o te maha o ngā pereti toto te arahi ki te toto nui rawa e uaua ana ki te aukati. Ka taea tēnei āhuatanga te puta mai i ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki ngā mate pūnaha ārai mate, ngā mate pāwera, ngā pānga taha rongoā rānei.
– Thrombocytosis: Ka taea e te nui o ngā pereti toto te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te hanganga toto totoka, ka arahi pea ki te whiu, ki te whakaeke ngakau rānei. Ko ngā take ka uru atu ki ngā mate myeloproliferative, ngā tauhohenga ki te mate, ki te mumura rānei, ki tētahi wāhanga rānei o tētahi mate mau tonu.
– Te ngoikore o te mahi a ngā pereti toto: Ahakoa he noa te maha o ngā pereti toto, ka pāngia pea koe e ngā raruraru toto, pērā i ētahi mate ira, i ētahi rongoā rānei.
Whakamutunga
He mahi nui tā ngā pereti toto i roto i te pūnaha tohanga toto me te hemostasis. He wāhanga matua rātou o te pūnaha ārai o te tinana ki te toto, ā, he mahi anō tā rātou ki te whakaora patunga. He mea nui te mārama ake ki ngā pereti toto, i roto i ngā āhuatanga noa me ngā āhuatanga mate, hei ārai me te rongoā i ngā mate toto maha. Kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau ki te tūhura i ngā āhuatanga maha o ngā pereti toto, tae atu ki tō rātou kaha ki te rongoā hauora me ngā wawaotanga haumanu.
