Te Tūranga o ngā Macrophage i roto i te Pūnaha Ārai Mate
Pendahuluan
Ko te pūnaha ārai mate he kohinga o ngā wāhanga koiora e mahi ana hei tiaki i te tinana mai i ngā mate me ngā pāwera maha, ahakoa he huaketo, he huakita, he harore, he pirinoa rānei i puta mai. I roto i ngā pūtau maha e whai wāhi ana ki te pūnaha ārai mate, ko ngā macrophage tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui. Ko ngā macrophage he pūtau phagocytic nui e whai mana ana ki te horomi me te whakangaro i ngā pathogens, me te whai wāhi hoki ki te mumura me te whakatika kiko. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te mahi a ngā macrophage i roto i te pūnaha ārai mate, tae atu ki te phagocytosis, te whakaaturanga antigen, me te whakaputanga cytokine.
He aha te Macrophage?
Ko ngā macrophage he momo toto mā e mahi ana hei phagocytes. I ahu mai rātou i ngā monocyte, he momo pūtau matua i roto i te toto e heke ana ki ngā kiko o te tinana ka rerekē hei macrophages. Ka kitea ngā macrophage i roto i te nuinga o ngā kiko o te tinana, ā, ka rerekē te maha i runga i ngā āhuatanga me te taiao moroiti o te rohe.
I ahu mai te ingoa "macrophage" i te kupu Kariki: "macro" te tikanga he nui, me "phage" te tikanga he kai. E ai ki te ingoa, ka mahi ngā macrophage mā te "kai" i ngā matūriki ke, ngā pūtau mate, me ētahi atu para pūtau, ka tangohia atu i ngā kiko o te tinana ngā mea kino pea.
Ngā Mahi Matua o ngā Macrophage
1. Te Whakapūngao:
Ko te mahi matua a ngā macrophage ko te phagocytosis, arā, te tukanga horomi me te nakunaku i ngā matūriki ke, ngā moroiti, ngā para pūtau rānei. I muri i te horomitanga o ngā matūriki ke, ka wahia e ngā macrophage kia iti ake ngā wāhanga ka taea te nakunaku me te whakakore e te tinana. Mā tēnei tukanga, ka whai wāhi ngā macrophage ki te whakakore i ngā kiko mai i ngā pathogens me te pupuri i te taiao pūtau ma.
2. Whakaaturanga o te Paturopi:
Haunga te mahi hei pūtau whakapūngao, ka mahi anō hoki ngā macrophage hei pūtau whakaatu-antigen (APC). Whai muri i te horomitanga o ngā pathogens, ka tukatukahia, ka whakaatuhia hoki e ngā macrophage ngā kongakonga antigen ki runga i ngā mata o ō rātou pūtau mā te whakamahi i ngā ngota ngota matatini histocompatibility akomanga II (MHC II). Kātahi ka kitea ēnei antigen e ngā pūtau āwhina-T, ka whakaoho i te urupare ārai mate urutau, tae atu ki te whakahohenga o ngā pūtau-T me ngā pūtau-B.
3. Te Whakaputa Cytokine:
Ka whakaputa, ka tuku hoki ngā macrophage i ngā momo cytokine, hei tohu i ngā ngota e whai wāhi ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā pūtau ārai mate. Ko ngā cytokine i hangaia e ngā macrophage ko ngā interleukins (ILs), te tumor necrosis factor (TNF), me ngā interferons (IFNs). Ka āwhina ēnei cytokine ki te whakahaere i te mumura me te whakarite i te urupare ārai mate o te tinana ki te mate, ki te whara rānei.
Te Tukanga Phagocytosis i roto i ngā Macrophage
He tukanga uaua, he pai hoki te taunga o te phagocytosis, ā, he maha ngā wāhanga e whai wāhi ana:
1. Te Kemotaxis:
Ka neke ngā macrophage ki ngā wāhi e pangia ana e te mate, e te mumura rānei, hei whakautu ki ngā tohu kemotaksis, arā, he āhuatanga whakatairanga mumura, he hua rānei nō ngā pathogens.
2. Te Here me te Whakataki:
Ka whakamahia e ngā macrophage ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi motuhake hei tautuhi me te here i ngā mate pukupuku, i ngā pūtau kua pakaru rānei. Kei roto i ēnei kaiwhakawhiwhi ko ngā Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), e tautuhi ana i ngā Patterns Molecular Associated Pathogen (PAMPs) i runga i te mata o ngā mate pukupuku.
3. Te horomitanga:
I muri i te mōhio me te whakauru i te mate, ka whakaputa te macrophage i ngā pseudopodia hei karapoti i te matūriki, ka hanga he pūhui phagocytic e kiia nei ko te phagosome.
4. Te Pakaritanga me te Hononga:
Kātahi ka honoa te phagosome ki te lysosome, kei roto nei ngā whākōkī waiora me ngā matū patu huakita, ka hanga he phagolysosome. I roto i te phagolysosome, ka whakangaromia te pathogen e te taiao waikawa me te enzymatic pakari.
5. Te Nakunaku me te Tukunga:
Kātahi ka nakunakuhia ngā wāhanga pathogen kua pakaru, ka tangohia mai i te pūtau, mā te exocytosis rānei, mā te whakaatu rānei hei antigens ki te mata o ngā macrophages.
Te Whakaaturanga o te Antigen me te Whakahohenga o te Pūtau-T
Ehara i te mea ko te whakakore noa i ngā mate pāwera mā te phagocytosis ngā macrophage, engari he mahi nui anō hoki tā rātou ki te whakaoho i te urupare ārai mate urutau. Whai muri i te phagocytosis me te tukatuka i ngā mate pāwera, ka whakaatuhia e ngā macrophage ngā kongakonga antigen ki runga i ō rātou mata mā te whakamahi i ngā ngota MHC II. Ka kitea ēnei ngota MHC II e ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi pūtau T-āwhina (CD4+), e whakaoho ana i te whakahohenga me te tipu o ngā pūtau T-āwhina.
Kātahi ka āwhina ngā pūtau T-āwhina kua whakahohehia ki te whakarite i tētahi urupare ārai mate motuhake ake, pakari ake hoki mā te whakahohe i ngā pūtau B ki te whakaputa i ngā paturopi me ngā pūtau T cytotoxic (CD8+) hei whakaeke i ngā pūtau pangia. Nō reira, he mahi nui tā ngā macrophages ki te hono i ngā pūnaha ārai mate ā-roto me ngā pūnaha ārai mate urutau.
Te Huna Cytokine me te Takawaenga o te Tukanga Mumura
He mahi anō tā ngā macrophage ki te whakahaere me te whakahaere i ngā tukanga mumura mā te whakaputa i ngā momo cytokine. Kei roto i ēnei cytokine:
– Interleukin-1 (IL-1): He mahi nui tāna ki te whakapiki i te urupare mumura mā te whakaoho i te kohikohinga o ētahi atu pūtau ārai mate ki te wāhi o te mate.
– Te Pūmua Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α): Ka whakaoho i te urupare mumura, ā, ka mate pea ngā pūtau pangia, ngā pūtau matepukupuku rānei.
– Interleukin-6 (IL-6): He pānga pleiotropic, tae atu ki te whakaoho i ngā urupare whakaputa paturopi me te rerekētanga o ngā pūtau-B.
– Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Ngā mahi hei whakanui ake i te mahi patu huakita o ngā macrophages me te whakapakari i te whakaaturanga o te antigen.
Mā te whakaputa me te huna i ēnei cytokine, ka taea e ngā macrophage te whakahaere i te taiao mumura me te whakarite kia mau tonu te urupare ārai mate tika puta noa i te roanga o te mate, te mumura rānei.
Ngā Macrophage i roto i te Mate me te Immunotherapy
Ko te whai wāhi o ngā macrophages ki ngā momo āhuatanga mate pēnei i te mate ārai mate, te mate pukupuku, me ngā mate pūmau e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te mārama ki ā rātou tikanga mahi mō te whakawhanake i ngā maimoatanga hou. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā mate ārai mate, ka taea e ngā macrophages te whai wāhi ki te whakangaro i ngā kiko o te tinana. Nō reira, ko te arotahi ki ngā macrophages me ngā rongoā motuhake ka āwhina pea ki te whakaiti i te mumura me te whakamamae i ngā tohu o ngā mate ārai mate.
I roto i te horopaki o te mate pukupuku, ko ngā macrophage e mōhiotia ana ko ngā tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) e kitea pinepine ana i roto i te kiko pukupuku, ā, ka taea e rātou te tautoko i te tipu o te pukupuku mā te huna i ngā mea pro-pumor. Ko ngā rangahau hou e arotahi ana ki te neke i te mahi a ngā TAM mai i te tautoko i te tipu o te pukupuku ki te āwhina i te pūnaha ārai mate ki te whawhai ki te mate pukupuku.
Whakamutunga
He pūtau tino nui ngā macrophage i roto i te pūnaha ārai mate, me ngā mahi rerekē mai i te phagocytosis me te whakaaturanga antigen ki te whakaputanga cytokine. Nā tō rātou kaha ki te horomi me te whakangaro i ngā pathogens me te whakarite i ngā urupare ārai mate urutau, ka whai wāhi ngā macrophage ki te pupuri i te pono o te tinana me te ātete ki ngā momo tūmomo riri moroiti. Ehara i te mea he mea nui anake te māramatanga hohonu ki te mahi me ngā tikanga o ngā macrophage i roto i te horopaki o te koiora taketake engari he pānga nui anō hoki ki te whakawhanaketanga o ngā rongoā mō ngā mate pipiri, ngā mate pūnaha ārai mate, me te mate pukupuku.
