Te Tūranga o ngā Whākōkī Amylase i roto i te Nakunaku Warowaihā
He tukanga uaua te nakunaku e uru ana ki ngā whekau maha me ngā whākōkī hei wawahi i te kai hei matūkai ka taea e te tinana te ngongo. Ko tētahi o ngā matūkai nui e tika ana kia nakunaku ko ngā warowaihā, ā, ko te whākōkī e whai wāhi nui ana ki tēnei tukanga ko te amylase. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te mahi a te amylase i roto i te nakunaku warowaihā, tōna tikanga mahi, ōna pūtake whakaputa i roto i te tinana, me tōna hiranga ki te hauora o te tangata.
He aha te Amylase?
He whākōkī te amylase e whakateretere ana i te pakaru o ngā ngota warowaihā matatini ki ngā huka māmā. Ko te mahi matua a te amylase ko ngā polysaccharides pēnei i te māngaro me te glycogen, e whakapūmau ana i ngā hononga glycosidic hei tuku i ngā waeine monosaccharide pēnei i te glucose. E rua ngā momo matua o te amylase e kitea ana i roto i te tinana tangata: te alpha-amylase (α-amylase) me te beta-amylase (β-amylase). Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga ki te alpha-amylase, nā te mea koinei te momo matua e uru ana ki te nakunaku o te tangata.
Hītori me te Kitenga
I tīmata te kitenga o te amylase i te rangahau i ngā whākōkī me te whakapūtanga e te tohunga matū koiora Wīwī a Anselme Payen i te tau 1833. I kitea e Payen te whākōkī i roto i te tangohanga molt, ā, i tapaina ko diastase, he kupu e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te amylase. Mai i tēnei kitenga, kua arahina atu ētahi atu rangahau ki tētahi māramatanga whānui ake mō te hanganga, te mahi, me te hiranga o te amylase i roto i te nakunaku o te tangata.
Te Hanga me te Whakapūtanga o te Amylase
He maha ngā wāhi o te tinana e whakaputahia ai te amylase. Ko ngā repe huware me te repe taiaki ngā pūtake matua e rua o te amylase.
1. Amylase Huware:
Ka whakaputahia e ngā repe huware te amylase huware, e mōhiotia ana ko te ptyalin. Ina uru te kai ki te waha, ka tīmata tonu te amylase huware ki te wawahi i te māngaro hei maltose me te dextrin. Ka puta tēnei tukanga i te wā e ngaungau ana, ā, i mua i te horomia o te kai. Ko te reka e kitea ana i ētahi wā i te kai i ngā kai huware, pērā i te raihi, i te taro rānei, ko te hua o te wawahi a te amylase huware i te māngaro hei huka māmā.
2. Amylase o te Pancreas:
I muri i te haerenga o te kai mā roto i te puku, ā, ka tomo ki te whekau iti, ka riro i te amylase pancreatic te mana. Ka hangaia tēnei amylase e te pancreas, ā, ka tukuna ki roto i te duodenum mā te awa pancreatic. Ka haere tonu te amylase pancreatic i te tukanga nakunaku me te whai hua ake nā te mea he pai ake te pH i roto i te whekau iti mō te mahi a tēnei whākōkī. Ka wawahia anō e te amylase pancreatic te māngaro ki roto i te maltose, te maltotriose, me ngā oligosaccharides iti ake, ka wawahia ēnei ki roto i ngā monosaccharides e ētahi atu whākōkī i runga i te mata o ngā pūtau whekau iti.
Te Tikanga Mahi a te Amylase
Ka mahi te Amylase mā te waikura, ka pakaru ngā here glycosidic (ngā here C-O-C) i waenga i ngā waeine hukahuka i roto i te māngaro. Ka mōhio motuhake te Alpha-amylase ki ngā here alpha-1,4-glycosidic. Ka whakaekea matapōkeretia e tēnei whākōkī ngā ngota māngaro, ka pakaruhia kia iti ake te rahi pērā i te maltose (ngā waeine hukahuka e rua), te maltotriose (ngā waeine hukahuka e toru), me ngā dextrins poto ake.
Ka taea te whakarāpopoto i tēnei tauhohenga waikura penei:
\[ (C_6H_{10}O_5)_n + nH_2O \pere matau nC_6H_{12}O_6 \]
I roto i tēnei tauhohenga, ka pakaru te māngaro waikura hei hukahuka i te aroaro o te wai me te whākōkī amylase. Me mōhio anō kāore tēnei tukanga i oti i roto i te waha, ā, ka haere tonu i roto i te whekau iti e te amylase pancreatic.
Te Hiranga Hauora me te Hauora
Kāore e taea te whakanui rawa i te hiranga o te amylase, nā te mea ka taea e te pakaru kore o te warowaihā te arahi ki ngā raruraru nakunaku me te pākia o te tinana. Ko te korenga, te whakararuraru rānei i te hanga me te mahi a te amylase ka arahi ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kore e mimiti te warowaihā, te kore e manawanui ki te warowaihā, tae noa ki te pancreatitis.
1. Te Kore o te Amylase:
Ka kore pea e taea te keri pai i te māngaro i te korenga o te whākōkī amylase, ka puta ngā tohu pēnei i te pupuhi, te hau, me te mate korere. Ka puta pea tēnei nā te kino o te repe taiaki (pēnei i te pancreatitis) he mate ira rānei e pā ana ki te hanga whākōkī.
2. Te mate pāwera:
Ka taea e te mate pāwera, te mumura rānei o te repe taiaki, te whakaiti i te hanga o ngā whākōkī repe taiaki, tae atu ki te amylase. He maha ngā wā ka kitea tēnei mā te ine i ngā taumata amylase toto; ko ngā taumata tiketike e tohu ana i te kino o te repe taiaki, i te aukati rānei i te awaawa repe taiaki.
3. Ngā Whakamātautau Tātaritanga:
He maha ngā wā ka inehia ngā taumata amylase i roto i te toto me te mimi i roto i ngā tātaritanga haumanu hei aromatawai i te mahi a te pancreas. Mēnā ka piki ake ngā taumata amylase i roto i te toto, tera pea he tohu kei te pāwera nui te pancreas, kei te aukati rānei i ngā awaawa pancreatic.
Amylase me te Kai
Ko ngā kai e whai kiko ana i ngā warowaihā matatini, pērā i ngā witi katoa, ngā huawhenua pakiaka, me ngā pīni, ka whakamahi i te mahi amylase hei wawahi i aua mea hei huka māmā ka taea e te tinana te mimiti. Ko te nakunaku tuatahi o ngā warowaihā i roto i te waha e te amylase huware e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te ngaungau pai i te kai kia pai ai te nakunaku me te mimiti matūkai.
Auahatanga me te Whakamahinga Hauora
Kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau hei whakamārama ake i te amylase me ōna whakamahinga. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia te amylase i roto i te umanga kai hei whakarerekē i te paraoa me te māngaro, ā, i roto i ngā umanga kakahu me te pepa hei whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā rauemi mata.
Hei tāpiritanga, tera pea ka whakamahia te amylase hei whakakapinga whākōkī mō te hunga kāore i te nui tēnei whākōkī nā ētahi āhuatanga hauora. Kei te tūhuratia hoki ngā probiotics kei roto ngā moroiti whakaputa amylase hei āwhina i te nakunaku i roto i te hunga whai mate whākōkī.
Whakamutunga
He whākōkī nui te amylase i roto i te nakunaku warowaihā. Mā te whakawhaiti i ngā hononga glycosidic i roto i ngā ngota māngaro, ka hurihia e te amylase ngā warowaihā matatini ki ngā huka māmā ka taea te mimiti me te whakamahi e te tinana. Nō reira, he mea nui tēnei whākōkī ehara i te mea mō te nakunaku anake engari mō te hauora pākia whānui. Mā te mārama ki te tikanga me te hiranga o te amylase ka pai ake te māramatanga ki te āhua o te nakunaku me te whakamahi a te tinana i ngā warowaihā, me te pānga hoki o ngā whakararuraru i te mahi a tēnei whākōkī ki te hauora. Kei te haere tonu te rangahau me te auahatanga i roto i te whakamahinga o te amylase, e tuku ana i te kaha nui ki te rongoā me te ahumahi.
