# Te Tikanga Mahi a te Pūnaha Io Matua
Ko te pūnaha io matua (CNS) te wāhanga matua o te pūnaha io, e whakahaere ana, e whakarite ana hoki i ngā mahi a te tinana. I roto i te tangata, e rua ngā wāhanga matua o te CNS: te roro me te taurakira. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he whakamārama i te mahi a te CNS, he whakaahua i ōna wāhanga, me te whakaatu i te mahi tahi a ēnei wāhanga hei pupuri i ngā mahi a te tinana.
## Ngā Wāhanga o te Pūnaha Io Matua
### 1. Roro
Ko te roro te wāhanga nui rawa atu, tino uaua hoki o te pūnaha io matua. He maha ngā wāhanga matua o roto, tae atu ki te roro nui, te roro iti, me te take roro. Ko te roro nui te kawenga mō ngā mahi hinengaro pēnei i te whakaaro, te whakamahere, me ngā kare ā-roto. Ko te roro iti te kaiwhakahaere i te taurite me te taurite, ko te take roro ia te kaiwhakahaere i ngā mahi taketake pēnei i te manawa, te tere o te ngakau, me te toto toto.
### 2. Taura Tuaiwi
He ngongo roa te taurakira e hono ana i te roro ki ngā io puta noa i te tinana. He ara ia mō ngā tohu mōhiohio e haere ana i waenganui i te roro me te tinana. Hei tāpiri, ko te taurakira te kawenga mō te whakahaere i ngā urupare a te tinana, e taea ai te tere o ngā urupare ki ngā whakaohooho o waho.
## Ngā Neuron me ngā Pūtau Glial
Ko ngā wāhanga matua o te CNS ko ngā neuron me ngā pūtau glial. Ko ngā neuron he pūtau io e tuku ana i ngā hiko hiko puta noa i te tinana. E toru ngā wāhanga matua o ia neuron: te tinana pūtau, ngā dendrite, me te axon. Kei roto i te tinana pūtau te karihi me ngā whekau nui, ka whiwhi ngā dendrite i ngā tohu mai i ētahi atu neuron, ā, ka tuku tohu te axon ki ētahi atu neuron, ki ngā uaua rānei.
Ka tautokohia e ngā pūtau glial ngā neuron mā te whakarato matūkai, te tango para, me te āwhina i te wehe i ngā tohu hiko. E whā ngā momo matua o ēnei pūtau: ngā pūtau astrocytes, ngā pūtau oligodendrocytes, ngā pūtau microglia, me ngā pūtau ependymal.
## Tikanga Mahi a te Neuron
### 1. Pūmanawa Kiriuhi
Ko te pūmanawa o te membrane te pūtake o te mahi a ngā neurons. I te wā okiokinga, he rerekētanga te kawenga i waenga i te taha o waho me te taha o roto o te neuron, e mōhiotia ana ko te pūmanawa okiokinga. Ko tēnei pūmanawa e noho tata ana ki te -70 mV, ā, he pai ake te taha o waho o te pūtau i te taha o roto.
### 2. Pūmanawa Mahi
Ina whiwhi te neuron i tētahi whakaohooho kaha, ka whiti i te pūmanawa paepae, ā, ka puta he huringa nui i roto i te pūmanawa kiriuhi e kiia nei ko te pūmanawa mahi. Tuatahi, ka heke te polarity o te kiriuhi o te neuron, ka rere ngā iona konutai (Na+) ki roto i te pūtau, ka huri tōna utu ki tētahi mea pai ake. Kia tae ki te tihi o te pūmanawa mahi, ka hoki te polarity o te neuron, ka puta ngā iona pāhare pākawa (K+) i te pūtau, ka whakahokia te pūmanawa kiriuhi ki tōna āhua okiokinga.
### 3. Tuku Tohu
Ka tukuna ngā tohu i roto i ngā axon o te neuron mā te tikanga pūmanawa mahi. Ina tae te pūmanawa mahi ki te pito o te axon, ka whakaoho i te tukunga o ngā neurotransmitters i te synapse—te āputa iti i waenganui i te pito axon o tētahi neuron me te dendrite o tētahi atu. Kātahi ka herea ēnei neurotransmitters ki ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi i runga i te neuron e whiwhi ana, ka whakaoho i tētahi urupare ka taea te whakaputa i ngā pūmanawa mahi hou, ka haere tonu te tuku tohu.
## Te Whakaurunga Mōhiohio ki roto i te Roro
### 1. Te Uho o te Roro
Ko te cortex roro te paparanga o waho o te roro e kawenga ana mō ngā mahi hinengaro teitei ake. Kua wehea tēnei rohe ki ētahi wāhi motuhake, ia wāhi he mahi motuhake. Hei tauira, he mahi tā te lobe o mua ki te whakatau kaupapa me te whakahaere nekehanga, ko te lobe parietal e whakahaere ana i te tukatuka i ngā tairongo, ko te lobe temporal e whakahaere ana i te whakarongo me te mahara, ā, ko te lobe occipital te kawenga mō te tirohanga.
### 2. Pūnaha Limbic
Kei roto i te pūnaha limbic o te roro ngā hanganga pēnei i te hippocampus me te amygdala, he mea nui ēnei mō te kare ā-roto, te ako, me te mahara. Ko te hippocampus te mea nui ki te hanga maharatanga mō te wā roa, ko te amygdala ia e tukatuka ana i ngā kare ā-roto pēnei i te wehi me te riri.
### 3. Te Pūtake Roro
Ko te take roro e hono ana i te roro ki te taurakira, ā, koia te kawenga mō te whakahaere i ngā mahi matua o te tinana. Kei roto i tēnei ko te medulla oblongata, e whakahaere ana i te tere o te manawa me te manawa; ko ngā pons, e whai wāhi ana ki te moe me te ara ake; me te roro waenga, e whai wāhi ana ki ngā mahi nekeneke me ngā mahi tairongo.
## Tikanga Whakaata
He urupare tere, aunoa te urupare a te pūoro ki tētahi whakaoho motuhake, kāore e uru ana ki te roro engari ka puta mā te taurakira. Ina kitea e ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi rongo he whakaoho, ka tukuna he tohu ki te taurakira. Kātahi ka tukuna tonutia e te taurakira he tohu ki ngā io nekeneke, ka puta he urupare, pērā i te tango i te ringa mai i tētahi mea wera.
## Te Tūranga o ngā Neurotransmitters
### 1. Dopamine
He neurotransmitter te Dopamine e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakahaere i te nekehanga me te pūnaha utu e awe ana i te hihiri me te ahuareka.
### 2. Serotonin
He mahi tā te serotonin ki te whakahaere i te wairua, te moe, me te hiahia kai. He maha ngā wā ka hono te korenga o te serotonin ki te pouri me ētahi atu mate wairua.
### 3. Glutamate me te GABA
Ko te Glutamate te neurotransmitter matua whakaohooho i roto i te roro, he mea nui mō te ako me te mahara, ko te GABA ia te neurotransmitter matua aukati e āwhina ana ki te whakahaere i te taumata o te ngohe io.
## Te ngoikore o te pūnaha io matua
Ka taea e ngā mate, ngā raruraru rānei o te pūnaha io matua (CNS) te whakararu i te maha o ngā raruraru hauora. Ko ngā mate neurodegenerative pēnei i a Alzheimer's me Parkinson's e tohuhia ana e te kino haere o ngā neurons. Ka taea e ngā whara o te tuaiwi te arahi ki te pararutiki, ko ngā mate hinengaro pēnei i te schizophrenia me te pouri he maha ngā wā ka uru ki te kore taurite o ngā neurotransmitters.
## Whakamutunga
He pūnaha tino uaua te pūnaha io matua (CNS) e tika ana mō te whakahaere me te whakarite i ngā mahi a te tinana. Mā roto i ōna wāhanga, pērā i te roro me te taurakira, me ngā pūtau motuhake pērā i ngā neuron me ngā pūtau glial, ka whakarite te CNS i te kaha o te tinana ki te urupare me te urutau ki ngā momo whakaohooho me ngā hiahia. Mā te mārama ki ngā tikanga mahi a te CNS, ehara i te mea ka homai he māramatanga taketake ki te mahi a ō tātou tinana, engari ka whakatakoto hoki i te ara mō te maimoatanga me te whakahaere i ngā momo mate io.
