Te Whakahaere a te Pūnaha Endocrine i te Metabolism
Ko te pākia o te tinana he raupapa o ngā tauhohenga matū e āhei ai ngā pūtau ki te whiwhi pūngao, ki te hanga me te whakatika i ngā kiko, me te mahi i ētahi atu mahi nui. He mahi nui tā te pūnaha endocrine i roto i tēnei tukanga mā te tuku i ngā homoni e whakahaere ana i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te pākia o te tinana. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka arotakehia e mātou te mahi a te pūnaha endocrine me te whakahaere a ngā homoni e hangaia ana e ia i te pākia o te tinana.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Pūnaha Endocrine
Ko te pūnaha endocrine he mea tito mai i ngā repe me ngā kiko e whakaputa ana i ngā homoni. Ko ngā repe matua o te pūnaha endocrine ko te hypothalamus, te repe pituitary, te repe thyroid, ngā repe parathyroid, ngā repe adrenal, te pancreas, ngā ovaries i roto i ngā wāhine, me ngā testes i roto i ngā tāne. Ia o ēnei repe e whakaputa ana i ngā homoni motuhake ka tukuna tika ki roto i te toto kia tae atu ki ngā pūtau, ki ngā whekau rānei e hiahiatia ana.
He karere matū ngā homoni e whakahaere ana i ngā mahi maha o te tinana, tae atu ki te tipu me te whanaketanga, te pākia o te pūngao, te mahi ira tangata, te whakaputa uri, te moe, me te kare ā-roto.
Te Whakahaere i te Metabolism e te Pūnaha Endocrine
Te Repe Tairoiti me te Tairokisini
Ko tētahi o ngā repe tino nui mō te whakahaere i te pākia o te tinana ko te repe tairoiti. Kei te kaki tēnei repe, ā, ka whakaputa i ngā homoni tairoiti, arā, ko te thyroxine (T4) me te triiodothyronine (T3).
Ka whakaohohia e ngā homoni tairoi te tere pākia o te tinana (BMR), arā, te nui o te pūngao e hiahiatia ana e te tinana i te wā okioki hei mahi i ngā mahi taketake pēnei i te manawa me te tohanga toto. Ka whakanuia e te thyroxine te tere pākia o te tinana mā te whakanui ake i te whakamahinga o te hāora e ngā pūtau o te tinana me te whakaoho i te whakaputa wera. Nō reira, ko te hunga he nui ngā taumata o te homoni tairoi he tere ake te pākia o te tinana me te nui ake o te pūngao, ko te hunga he iti ngā taumata o te homoni tairoi he puhoi ake te pākia o te tinana, ā, ka piki ake pea tō rātou taumaha.
Te Pānihi me te Insulin
Ko te repe taiaki tētahi atu okana nui e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakahaere i te pākia o te tinana, inā koa te pākia o te huka. Ka whakaputahia e ia ngā homoni insulin me te glucagon. Ka tukuna te insulin ina piki ake te taumata o te huka toto (glucose), hei tauira i muri i te kai. Ka āwhina te insulin i ngā pūtau ki te tango i te huka mai i te toto kia taea ai te whakamahi hei pūngao, te penapena rānei hei glycogen i roto i te ate me ngā uaua mō te whakamahinga a muri ake nei.
Ina koa, ko te mahi a te insulin mā te whakanui ake i te urunga o ngā kiriuhi pūtau ki te hukahuka, ka taea ai te uru o te hukahuka ki roto i ngā pūtau. Nō reira, ka whakaitihia e te insulin ngā taumata huka toto. Ko te hunga he mate huka momo 1, kāore e nui te insulin e whakaputa ana, te mate huka momo 2 rānei, he ātete ki te insulin, he uaua ki te whakahaere i ō rātou taumata huka toto, ka arahi pea ki ngā raruraru pākia o te pūnaha io.
Ngā Repe Adrenal me te Cortisol
Ko ngā repe adrenal, kei runga ake i ngā whatukuhu, ka whakaputa i ngā homoni maha e pā ana ki te pākia o te tinana. Ko tētahi o ngā homoni matua e whakaputaina ana ko te cortisol, ka tukuna hei whakautu ki te ahotea me te iti o te huka toto.
Ka āwhina te cortisol ki te whakanui ake i ngā taumata huka toto mā te tukanga e kiia nei ko te gluconeogenesis, e whakaputa ai te tinana i te hukahuka mai i te pūmua me te ngako. Hei tāpiri, ka whakahaere te cortisol i te pākia o te ngako me te pūmua. Hei tauira, ka whakanui te cortisol i te pakaru o te pūmua i roto i ngā uaua hei whakaputa i ngā waikawa amino, ka taea te huri hei hukahuka.
Hypothalamus me te Repe Pituitary
Ko te hypothalamus me te repe pituitary i roto i te roro ngā pokapū matua mō te pūnaha endocrine. Ka tukuna e te hypothalamus ngā tohu ki te repe pituitary hei tuku, hei pehi rānei i ētahi homoni, ā, mā rātou anō e whakahaere ētahi atu repe endocrine. Hei tauira, ka tukuna e te hypothalamus te homoni tuku-thyrotropin (TRH), e whakaoho ana i te repe pituitary ki te tuku i te homoni whakaoho-thyroid (TSH). Kātahi ka mahi te TSH ki te repe thyroid hei whakaoho i te hanga o ngā homoni thyroid.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka whakahaerea hoki e te hypothalamus te corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), e whakaoho ana i te repe pituitary ki te tuku i te adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ā, ka whakaoho i ngā repe adrenal ki te whakaputa cortisol. Mā tēnei pūnaha urupare ka noho taurite tonu ngā taumata o te homoni toto, ā, ka tika hoki mō ngā hiahia o te tinana.
Homoni Tipu
Ka hangaia te homoni tipu (GH) e te repe pituitary, ā, he pānga nui tōna ki te tipu me te whanaketanga, tae atu ki te pākia o te tinana. Ka whakaoho te GH i te tipu o te uaua me te wheua, ā, ka whakanui ake i te wawahi ngako hei pūngao. He pānga anabolic anō hoki tō te GH, arā, ka tere ake te hanga pūmua me te tipu o te pūtau.
I te wā tamarikitanga me te taiohitanga, he mea nui te GH mō te tipu me te whanaketanga tinana. Mō ngā pakeke, ka āwhina te GH ki te pupuri i te papatipu uaua me te kiato o te wheua, ā, ka whai wāhi hoki ki te whakahaere i te hanganga tinana me te pākia o te tinana.
Ngā Hormone Ira Tangata
He mahi anō tā ngā ovaries i roto i ngā wāhine me ngā testes i roto i ngā tāne ki te pākia o te tinana mā te whakaputa i ngā homoni ira tangata pērā i te estrogen, te progesterone, me te testosterone. Ehara i te mea ko ēnei homoni anake te kaiwhakahaere i te mahi whakaputa uri engari he pānga anō hoki ki te pākia o te pūngao.
I roto i ngā wāhine, ka āwhina te estrogen ki te whakahaere i te tohatoha ngako tinana, ā, ka pā hoki ki te aro o te insulin, ka pā ki te pākia o te huka. Ka taea e te progesterone te whakanui ake i te pāmahana tinana taketake me te pā ki te pākia o te huka.
I roto i ngā tāne, ka whakaoho te testosterone i te tipu o te uaua me te pākia o te pūmua, ka whakanui ake hoki i te tahunga ngako, ā, ka pā ki te hanganga o te tinana.
Ngā Hormone Leptin me Ghrelin
Ko te leptin me te ghrelin he homoni e hangaia ana e te kiko ngako me te puku, ā, he mahi nui tā rāua ki te whakahaere i te hiahia kai me te pūngao. Ka tohu te leptin i te roro kia whakaitihia te hiahia kai ina nui te ngako e penapenahia ana. I tetahi atu taha, ka whakanuia e te ghrelin te hiahia kai mā te tohu i te roro ina takoto kau te puku.
Ka pā te whakahaeretanga o ēnei homoni ki te taumaha me te hanganga o te tinana. Hei tauira, ko te ātete ki te leptin ka arahi ki te momonatanga nā te mea kāore te roro e whiwhi i te tohu kia mutu te kai ahakoa he nui ngā rahui ngako o te tinana.
Whakamutunga
He mahi nui tā te pūnaha endocrine ki te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te pākia o te tinana. Mai i te whakahaere i ngā taumata huka toto mā te insulin me te glucagon ki te whakahaere i te pākia o te tinana mā ngā homoni tairoi, ka mahi tahi ia homoni kia tika ai te mahi a te tinana. Mā te kore e mahi pai te pūnaha endocrine ka puta he maha ngā raruraru hauora, tae atu ki te mate huka, te hypothyroidism, me te mate pākia o te tinana.
Ko te mārama ki te whakahaere a te pūnaha endocrine i te pākia o te tinana, ehara i te mea he mea nui anake mō te mārama ki te āhua o te tinana o te tangata, engari he māramatanga anō hoki ki te whakamahinga o ngā wawaotanga hauora me ngā huringa āhua noho hei whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga pākia o te tinana. Mā te rangahau tonu me te mātauranga tonu, ka taea e tātou te whakapai ake i tā tātou huarahi ki te hauora pākia o te tinana whānui.
