Te Mahi a ngā Whatukuhu i te Tukanga Tātari
He whekau nui ngā whatukuhu i roto i te tinana tangata, ā, he kawenga mō ngā mahi maha, tae atu ki te tātari toto, te whakahaere i ngā taumata wai o te tinana, te whakahaere i te toto toto, me te tango i ngā para me ngā paitini mai i te tinana. E mōhiotia ana tēnei tukanga tātari ko te tātari, ā, ka puta i roto i ngā hanganga moroiti e kiia nei ko ngā nephron. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka whakamāramahia e mātou te mahi a ngā whatukuhu i roto i tēnei tukanga tātari, me te mārama hoki ki te whai wāhi mai o ngā wāhanga hanganga me ngā wāhanga mahi.
Hanganga o te whatukuhu me te nephron
I mua i te mārama ki te tukanga tātari whatukuhu, he mea nui kia mārama ki te hanganga taketake o te whatukuhu. E rua ngā whatukuhu o te tangata kei ia taha o te tuaiwi, i raro noa i ngā rara. Neke atu i te kotahi miriona nephrons kei roto i ia whatukuhu, ā, ko ēnei te kawenga mō te tukanga tātari.
E rua ngā wāhanga matua o te nephron: ko te glomerulus me te tubule. Ko te glomerulus he kohinga o ngā uaua toto e karapotia ana e te kāpū Bowman, ko te tubule ia he maha ngā wāhanga motuhake: ko te tubule convoluted proximal, ko te loop of Henle, ko te tubule convoluted distal, me te duct collecting.
Te Tukanga Tātari i roto i te Glomerulus
Ka tīmata te tātari whatukuhu i roto i te glomerulus. Ko te toto e tomo ana ki te glomerulus mā te afferent arteriole ka haria ki roto i tētahi whatunga o ngā capillaries e mahi ana hei tātari. He iti ngā pūwero o ngā pakitara o ngā capillaries glomerular, e āhei ai ngā ngota iti pēnei i te wai, ngā electrolytes, te glucose, me te urea kia puta. Heoi, kāore e taea e ngā ngota nui pēnei i te pūmua me ngā pūtau toto whero te puta mā roto i ēnei pūwero, ā, ka noho tonu ki roto i te toto.
Ka panaia te wai plasma e te toto toto tiketike i roto i te ateriole afferent ki waho o ngā capillaries ki roto i te capsule a Bowman. Ko te wai e tomo ana ki te capsule a Bowman ka kiia ko te filtrate glomerular, ko te filtrate renal rānei.
Te Hanganga me te Rōrahi o te Tātaritanga o te Hukapapa
He rite te hanganga o te tātari glomerular ki te toto toto, engari kāore he pūtau toto me ngā pūmua. Ia rā, e 150 ki te 180 rita o te tātari glomerular te hua e ngā whatukuhu. Heoi, ko te nuinga o tēnei rahinga ka mimitihia anō e te tinana mā te mimititanga o ngā ngongo, ā, e 1 ki te 2 rita anake ka puta hei mimi.
Te mimiti anō i roto i te ngongo piko tata
Kia oti te hanganga o te tātari glomerular, ka neke ki roto i te ngongo piko tata. I konei, tata ki te 65% o te wai me te nui o ngā ngota ngota nui pēnei i te hukahuka, ngā waikawa amino, me ngā katote pēnei i te konutai me te pūhaumāota ka mimitihia anō e te tinana.
Ko te nuinga o tēnei tukanga mimiti anō ka puta mā roto i ngā tikanga kawe hohe me ngā tikanga kawe kore. Ko tētahi tauira o te kawe hohe ko te mimiti anō o te konutai mā te papu konutai-pāhare pākawa, ko te wai ia ka mimiti anō mā te osmosis i muri i te mimiti anō o te konutai.
Te mimiti anō me te huna i roto i te porowhita o Henle
Kātahi ka neke te tātari ki te koropiko o Henle, he mea nui tēnei ki te kukū o te mimi. E rua ngā wāhanga o te koropiko o Henle: ko te peka e heke ana, ko te peka e piki ana.
I te peka e heke ana o te koropiko o Henle, ka mimitihia anō te wai ki roto i te toto, engari kāore e taea e ngā katote konutai me te pūhaumāota te haere mā roto i te pakitara o te ngongo. I tetahi atu taha, i te peka e piki ana, ka mimitihia anō te konutai me te pūhaumāota ki roto i te toto, engari kāore e taea e te wai te haere mā roto i te pakitara o te ngongo. Ka hangaia e tēnei tukanga he pikinga osmotic e āwhina ana i te mimiti anō o te wai i te wāhanga whakamutunga o te pūnaha nephron.
Ngā Ngongo Whakapikopiko me te Paipa Kohikohi
I muri i te koropiko o Henle, ka neke te tātari ki roto i te ngongo piko tawhiti, ka puta te mimiti anō o te konutai me te wai i runga i ngā hiahia o te tinana, e whakahaeretia ana e ngā homoni pēnei i te aldosterone. Hei tāpiri, ka mimiti anō, ka tukuna rānei ētahi atu katote pēnei i te konupūmā me te phosphate i roto i tēnei wāhanga i runga i ngā hiahia o te tinana.
Ka tae te tātari ki ngā awa kohi, te wāhi e whakahaeretia ai te rahinga me te kukū o te mimi. He nui te awe o te homoni antidiuretic (ADH) ki tēnei tukanga, e whakanui ana i te urunga o ngā awa kohi ki te wai, e āhei ai te mimiti anō i te wai ki roto i te toto, ā, ka kukū ake te mimi.
Te Hanganga Mimi me te Whakaputa
Kia oti te mimiti me te tukunga i roto i ngā ngongo, ka noho tonu te mimi ki roto i ngā awa kohi. Kātahi ka haere tēnei mimi ki te pelvis whatukuhu, kātahi ki ngā ureter, ā, hei whakamutunga ka rongoatia mō tētahi wā poto ki roto i te pūkahukahu i mua i te tukuna atu i te tinana mā te urethra.
Te Tūranga o te Pēhanga Toto me ngā Hōmona i roto i te Tātaritanga o te Whatukuhu
He nui te pānga o te toto toto me ngā homoni ki te tukanga tātari o te whatukuhu . Ko te toto toto tiketike i roto i ngā uaua toto o te glomerular tetahi o ngā mea nui e whakatau ana i te pai o te tātari. Ko te toto toto iti rawa, teitei rawa rānei, ka pā ki te mahi a te glomerular me te aukati i te tātari.
He mea nui ngā homoni pēnei i te angiotensin II, te aldosterone, me te ADH ki te whakahaere i te nui o te mimiti wai me te katote, me te pupuri i te taurite o te electrolyte me te wai i roto i te tinana.
Ngā Mate o te Tukanga Tātari Whatukuhu
Ka taea e ngā raruraru o te tukanga tātari o te whatukuhu te arahi ki ngā mate whatukuhu maha. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko:
1. Te ngoikore o te whatukuhu: He āhuatanga tēnei e ngaro whakarere ai te kaha o ngā whatukuhu ki te tātari i ngā para mai i te toto.
2. Mate Tākihi Mau tonu: He āhuatanga e heke haere ana te mahi a te tākihi, ā, kāore e taea te hoki ki tōna āhua noa.
3. Ngā Kōhatu Tākihi: Te hanganga o ngā tioata iti i roto i ngā tākihi nā te nui rawa o ētahi matū i roto i te mimi.
4. Glomerulonephritis: Te mumura o te glomerulus ka taea te whakararu i te tukanga tātari.
Whakamutunga
He okana uaua ngā whatukuhu, he mea nui te mahi ki te pupuri i te noho o te tinana mā te tātari toto. Mai i te glomerulus, e whakaputa ana i te tātari glomerular, mā te mimiti me te huna i roto i ngā wāhanga nephron rerekē, tae noa ki te hanganga whakamutunga o te mimi, he tino taurite, he kanorau hoki ia taahiraa o tēnei tukanga. Ka pā kino pea ngā āhuatanga rerekē, ngā raruraru rānei i roto i tētahi o ēnei wāhanga ki te hauora o te tinana. Nō reira, he mea nui te pupuri i te hauora o te whatukuhu, ka taea tēnei mā te pupuri i tētahi kai hauora, te inu wai nui, me te tirotiro hauora auau.
