Pepa Ahupūngao mō te Pūngao Whakahou
Pendahuluan
He mea nui te pūngao i roto i te oranga o te tangata. Tata ki ngā mahi hou katoa—mai i te rama me te kawe waka ki te ahumahi me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero—e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wātea o te pūngao i roto i te āhua e taea ai te whakamahi. Neke atu i te rau tau, kua tutukihia ngā hiahia pūngao o te ao mā roto i ngā wahie pūmua pērā i te hinu, te waro, me te hau māori. Heoi, e rua ngā take nui e ara ake ana i te whakamahinga o ngā wahie pūmua: he iti noa ngā rahui me ngā pānga ki te taiao, inā koa ko ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi e tere ake ai te mahana o te ao. Nō reira, ko te whakawhanaketanga o te pūngao whakahou he otinga rautaki hei pupuri i te tuku pūngao pumau me te whakaiti i ngā kino ki te taiao.
I roto i te horopaki o te ahupūngao, he mea whakamere te kōrero mō te pūngao whakahou nā te mea kei roto ngā mātāpono taketake maha, pērā i te hurihanga pūngao, te whai huatanga, ngā ngaru hikohiko, te miihini wai, te thermodynamics, me te ariā o te mana. E matapakihia ana e tēnei pepa te ariā o te pūngao whakahou mai i te tirohanga ahupūngao, ōna momo, ngā mātāpono mahi o ngā hangarau matua, ōna painga me ōna herenga, me ngā wero whakatinanatanga.
Te Ariā o te Pūngao Whakahou i roto i te Ahupūngao
Ko te pūngao whakahou he pūngao i ahu mai i ngā pūtake taiao ka taea te whakahou ake i runga i te wā tangata, pērā i te rā, te hau, te rere o te wai, te pūngao waiariki, me te koiora. He rerekē ki ngā wahie pūmua, e hangaia ana i roto i ngā miriona tau, kei te wātea tonu te pūngao whakahou, kei te tere rānei te whakaora.
I te taha tinana, kāore e taea te hanga, te whakangaro rānei i te pūngao (te Ture Tiaki Pūngao), engari ka taea te huri i tōna āhua. Ko te pūngao whakahou ko te tukanga o te whakamahi i te pūngao tūturu me te huri hei pūngao hiko, hei pūngao wera rānei e whai hua ana. I roto i tēnei tukanga hurihanga, he mea nui te ariā o te mana. Ko te mana e tautuhia ana ko te tere o te huringa o te pūngao i roto i te wā:
P = E / t
I taua wā anō, ko te whai huatanga he tohu mō te angitu o tētahi pūnaha ki te huri i te pūngao:
η = (Pūngao putanga whai hua / Pūngao tāuru) × 100%
I roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau pūngao hou, ko te whai huatanga o te pūnaha, te pumau o te tuku, me te rokiroki pūngao ngā kaupapa matua.
Ngā Momo Pūngao Whakahou me ō rātou Mātāpono Ā-tinana
1. Pūngao Rā
Ka whakamahia e te pūngao rā te irahiko hikohiko mai i te Rā. E rua ngā huarahi matua: te photovoltaic (PV) me te solar thermal.
a. Ngā Paewhiri Rā (Photovoltaics)
Ka mahi ngā pūtau rā i runga i te pānga whakaahua-hiko me ngā āhuatanga o ngā haurua-irahiko. Ina pā ngā irahiko mai i te rā ki tētahi rauemi haurua-irahiko (pērā i te silicon), ka taea e te pūngao o te irahiko te tuku i ngā irahiko me te hanga i ngā takirua irahiko-pōhatu. Ka akiakihia ngā utu e te papa hiko ā-roto i te hononga p-n, ka hangaia he iahiko hiko. Ko te nui o te pūngao irahiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te auau o te mārama:
E = hf
Ka pāngia te pai o te whakamahinga o ngā panera rā e te pāmahana, te kaha o te mārama, te koki taunga, me te kounga o ngā rauemi. Ko te pai o ngā panera rā o ēnei rā he tata ki te 15–23% mō te whakamahinga arumoni, ahakoa ka taea e ngā hangarau hou ake te teitei ake i raro i ētahi āhuatanga.
b. Ngā Pūngao o te Rā
Ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha wera o te rā te wera o te rā hei whakamahana i tētahi wai (wai, hinu wera rānei), ka whakamahia tika atu, ka whakaputa rānei i te mamaoa hei huri i te tāpine. Ko ngā mātāpono o te thermodynamics me te whakawhiti wera (te kawe hiko, te convection, me te radiation) te mea matua i konei.
2. Pūngao Hau
I ahu mai te pūngao hau i te pūngao nekeneke o te rere o te hau i puta mai i ngā rerekētanga pēhanga me te whakamahana o te mata o te Ao e te rā. Ka hurihia e ngā tāhū hau te pūngao nekeneke o te hau hei pūngao miihini hurihuri, ka hurihia e ngā kaihanga hiko hei pūngao hiko mā te whakaawe hikohiko (Te Ture a Faraday).
Ka taea te whakatau tata i te mana ariā o te hau e whiti ana i roto i te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga A mā te:
P = ½ ρ A v³
ko ρ te mātotoru o te hau, ā, ko v te tere o te hau. E whakaatu ana tēnei tātai he tino tairongo te mana ki te tere o te hau (hei pānga o te pūtoru o te tere o te hau), ā, he mea nui te wāhi o te tāutanga o te tāpine.
Heoi, kāore e taea te hauhake i ngā pūngao hau katoa. He rohe ā-tinana kei reira e mōhiotia ana ko te Betz Limit, e kī ana ko te whai huatanga mōrahi o tētahi tāpine hau pai rawa atu he tata ki te 59,3%.
3. Pūngao Wai (Hikohiko)
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko wai (PLTA) te kaha pūmanawa ā-papa o te wai i ngā teitei. I te rerenga o te wai ki raro, ka hurihia te kaha pūmanawa hei kaha nekeneke, ka huri i ngā tāpine me ngā whakaputa hiko hei whakaputa hiko.
Ka taea te tatau i te mana i hangaia mā te whakamahi i:
P = ρ gh Q η
ko g te whakaterenga nā te kaha ā-papatipu, ko h te upoko, ko Q te rerenga wai, ā, ko η te whai huatanga o te pūnaha. He nui te whai huatanga o ngā tipu hiko wai (i runga ake i te 80–90%), ā, koinei tētahi o ngā puna pūngao whakahou tino whai hua. Heoi anō, ka pā pea ngā kaupapa tāpua nui ki ngā pūnaha rauropi awa me te oranga pāpori o ngā hapori huri noa.
4. Pūngao Ā-whenua
I ahu mai te pūngao waiariki i te wera o roto o te Ao, i puta mai i te pirau irahiko me te wera toenga mai i te hanganga o te aorangi. Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko waiariki te mamaoa wera, te wai wera rānei mai i ngā puna wai o raro whenua hei huri i ngā tāpine.
I roto i te āhua wera, ka rite te mahi a ngā pūnaha waiariki ki ētahi atu tipu hiko waiariki: ka hurihia te wai e te wera hei mamaoa, ka hurihia he tāwhana, kātahi ka whakakōpiritia anō te mamaoa. Ko ngā wero matua ko te waikura, te nui o ngā kohuke, me te iti o ngā wāhi e tika ana. Ko te painga ko te kaha o te hiko waiariki ki te whakarato i te hiko pumau (pūmau), ahakoa ngā āhuatanga o te rangi o ia rā.
5. Koiora
Kei roto i te koiora ngā rauemi rauropi pērā i te rakau, te para ahuwhenua, me ngā para rauropi ka taea te tahu, te tukatuka rānei hei wahie koiora. Ko te pūngao koiora he pūngao matū e rongoatia ana mā te photosynthesis. Ina tahuna, ina whakapūpūtia rānei, ka tukuna te pūngao matū hei wera, ka hurihia rānei hei wahie.
Mai i te tirohanga taiao, he maha ngā wā ka kiia te koiora he mea whakahou, engari me whakahaere marie kia kore ai e whakangaromia ngā ngahere, kia kore ai hoki e nui ngā tukunga. Ko te pai o te hurihanga me te kounga o te tahunga ka whakatau i te nui o te parahanga.
Ngā Painga me ngā Here o te Pūngao Whakahou
He painga nui tō te pūngao whakahou, tae atu ki te iti o ngā tukunga waro, te nui o ngā rauemi, me te kaha ki te whakatairanga i te mana motuhake o te pūngao. Mō te ahupūngao me te hangarau, kei te whanake tonu te hangarau pūngao whakahou, ā, ka piki ake te whai huatanga i roto i te wā.
Heoi anō, kei reira ētahi herenga me aro atu. Tuatahi, ko ētahi pūtake he mea wā poto noa iho, pērā i te pūngao rā me te hau, e hiahia ana ki ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao (pūhiko, wai e pupuhihia ana, hauwai) me te whatunga atamai rānei. Tuarua, ko te nuinga o te wā he iti ake te kaha o te pūngao whakahou i ngā wahie pūmua, e hiahia ana ki ngā wāhi tāutanga nui ake. Tuatoru, ko ētahi hangarau, pērā i te waiariki me te waiariki whenua, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wāhi.
Ngā Wero me ngā Aronga Whakawhanake
Ehara i te mea he take hangarau anake te whanaketanga o te pūngao hou, engari he take ōhanga, kaupapa here, me ngā hanganga anō hoki. Mai i te tirohanga ahupūngao tono, ko ngā wero nui ko te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi (hei tauira, ngā pūtau rā o te whakatupuranga hou), te arotau i ngā tāhū hau, te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga tuku, me te auaha i te rokiroki pūngao haumaru me te utu tika. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia ngā pūnaha pākahiko lithium-ion i tēnei wā, engari kei te whānui haere tonu te rangahau ki ngā pākahiko konutai-ion, ngā pākahiko totoka, me te rokiroki hauwai.
Hei tāpiritanga, me whai tauira me te whakahaere pūnaha pakari te whakaurunga o te pūngao hou. Me whakataurite ngā piki me ngā heke o te hiko o te rā me te hau ki te tono mā te matapae huarere, te whakahaere kawenga, me te hangarau whatunga hou.
Whakamutunga
He otinga nui te pūngao whakahou hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia pūngao pumau ā muri ake nei. Mā roto i ngā mātāpono o te ahupūngao—mai i te pānga hiko me te miihini wai ki te thermodynamics—ka taea te huri i ngā momo pūngao taiao hei hiko me te wera whai hua. He painga me ngā herenga o ia momo pūngao whakahou, engari he iti ake te pānga ki te taiao i ngā wahie pūmua. Mā te pikinga ake o te whai huatanga, ngā auahatanga i roto i te rokiroki pūngao, me te tautoko kaupapa here me te hanganga, ka taea e te pūngao whakahou te noho hei pou tuara mō tētahi pūnaha pūngao o te ao ma ake, pumau ake hoki.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi rārangi pukapuka, te whakatakotoranga rapanga, ngā whāinga, me te tikanga tuhituhi mō te pepa kia rite ai te whakatakotoranga ki ngā paerewa pepa kura/kāreti.
