Ngā Ture Matū Whakamahana i roto i te Ahupūngao
Ko te matū wera he peka o te pūtaiao e ako ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tauhohenga matū (ngā huringa ā-tinana rānei o tētahi matū) me te pūngao wera e haere tahi ana (te wera). I roto i te horopaki o te ahupūngao, he piriti nui te matū wera i waenga i ngā ariā o te pūngao, te wera, te mahi, me ngā huringa o te āhua o te matū. Ina puta he tauhohenga, kāore te pūngao e "puta" noa, e "ngaro" rānei, kāore he tohu. Ka huri noa te pūngao i te āhua: mai i te pūngao matū ki te wera, i te ritenga kē rānei—ka mimitihia te wera hei akiaki i ngā huringa matū. Ko ngā mātāpono e whakahaere ana i tēnei kua whakarāpopototia i roto i ngā ture o te matū wera, e hanga ana i te pūtake mō te tatau i ngā wera tauhohenga, te whai huatanga o te pūngao, tae noa ki te hoahoa pūnaha ahumahi.
Ngā Ariā Taketake: Ngā Pūnaha, Ngā Taiao, me te Wera o te Tauhohenga
Hei mārama ki ngā ture o te matū wera, ko te mea tuatahi kia mārama ko ngā whakamāramatanga o te pūnaha me ngā taiao. Ko te pūnaha te wāhanga o te ao whānui e akohia ana e tātou—hei tauira, ko ngā matū e tauhohe ana i roto i te oko. Ko ngā taiao ko ngā mea katoa i waho o te pūnaha. Ko te whakawhitiwhiti pūngao i waenga i te pūnaha me ōna taiao ka puta pinepine i te āhua o te wera.
Ko te wera o te tauhohenga ka whakaatuhia i te nuinga o te wā hei huringa o te enthalpy, e tohuhia ana e te ΔH. Ko te enthalpy he rahinga thermodynamic e tohu ana i te "ipurangi pūngao" o tētahi pūnaha i te pēhanga pumau, ā, he tino whai hua nā te mea he maha ngā tauhohenga e puta ana i te pēhanga hauātea. I te nuinga o te wā:
– Ki te tukuna te wera e te pūnaha ki te taiao, he werawera te tauhohenga, ā, he kino te ΔH (ΔH < 0). - Ki te mimiti te pūnaha i te wera mai i te taiao, he werawera te tauhohenga, ā, he pai te ΔH (ΔH > 0).
Ko tētahi tauira māmā o te tauhohenga werawera ko te tahunga o te wahie, ko tētahi tauira o te tauhohenga werawera ko te tukanga o te whakaahua-ā-tinana (e hiahia ana ki te pūngao mai i te rā).
Te Ture Tiaki Pūngao hei Tūāpapa mō te Matū Whakamahana
Kei muri i ngā ture katoa o te matū wera he mātāpono nui o te ahupūngao: ko te Ture Tiaki Pūngao, koinei te kaupapa matua o te Ture Tuatahi o te Termodynamics. E kī ana tēnei ture kāore e taea te hanga, te whakangaro rānei i te pūngao, engari ka taea te whakarerekē i tōna āhua. I roto i te tuhipoka thermodynamic, ko te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto (ΔU) e pā ana ki te wera (Q) me te mahi (W) mā:
ΔU = Q − W
Tērā pea ka rerekē te tohu me te whakamāramatanga o te mahi i runga i te tikanga, engari he rite tonu te ariā matua: ki te whiwhi wera te pūnaha, ka piki ake tōna kaha ā-roto; ki te mahi te pūnaha ki te taiao, ka heke iho tōna kaha ā-roto. I roto i te maha o ngā take matū wera—ina koa i te pēhanga pumau—ka whakamahia pinepine te enthalpy (H), nō reira ko te wera i te pēhanga pumau he ōrite ki te ΔH.
I runga i tēnei tūāpapa, e titiro ana te matū wera ki ngā tauhohenga ehara i te mea ko ngā huringa o te matū anake, engari ko ngā huringa o te pūngao ka taea te tatau tika.
Te Ture a Hess: Kāore te Wera o te Tauhohenga e Ārai i te Ara
Ko tētahi o ngā ture tino nui o te matū wera ko te Ture a Hess. E kī ana tēnei ture ko te huringa enthalpy katoa o tētahi tauhohenga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhua tīmatanga me ngā āhua whakamutunga anake, kaua ki te ara tauhohenga. Ko te tikanga tēnei, mēnā ka taea te puta he tauhohenga i roto i ētahi taahiraa, ko te nui o te wera (ΔH) i puta, i mimitia rānei ka ōrite ki te wera o te tauhohenga tika, mena he rite tonu ngā matū tauhohenga me ngā hua whakamutunga.
I roto i te pāngarau, mēnā ka taea te wehewehe i te tauhohenga A → B ki:
– A → C (ΔH₁)
– C → B (ΔH₂)
nā reira:
ΔH katoa = ΔH₁ + ΔH₂
He whai hua te Ture a Hess nā te mea he uaua ki te ine tika i te wera o te tauhohenga i roto i te nuinga o ngā tauhohenga. Mā te wehewehe i te tauhohenga ki ngā taahiraa e wātea ana ngā raraunga mōna, ka taea e tātou te tatau i te ΔH i runga i te kore ā-tikanga. I roto i te ahupūngao tono me te ahupūngao ahumahi, ka āwhina tēnei ture ki te matapae i ngā hiahia pūngao o ngā tukanga matū, pērā i te hanga haukini, te whakamahine konganuku, tae noa ki ngā tauhohenga i roto i ngā pākahiko.
Ture Lavoisier–Laplace: He tohu ritenga kē te ΔH o ngā tauhohenga whakamuri
Ko tētahi atu ture matū wera nui ko te Ture Lavoisier–Laplace, e kī ana ko te wera o te tauhohenga o tētahi tukanga he rite te rahi engari he rerekē te tohu ki te wera o te tauhohenga whakamuri. Arā,:
Mena ko te tauhohenga:
Ko A → B kei a ΔH = x,
kātahi ka puta te tauhohenga whakamuri:
Ko te ΔH = −x kei a B → A.
He māmā noa iho tēnei mātāpono, engari he mea taketake. E kī ana ko ngā huringa pūngao e whai ana i te ōritetanga o te āhua: ki te tukuna he nui o te pūngao mai i A ki B, me mimiti te nui o te pūngao kia hoki mai ai i B ki A. Ka whakamahia tēnei mātāpono i roto i te tātari i ngā huringa pūngao, tae atu ki ngā miihini wera, ngā pūnaha whakamatao, me ngā tatau i ngā pūngao here i roto i ngā ngota.
Te Enthalpy o te Hanganga me te Enthalpy o te Mura
Hei whakahaere i ngā tātaitanga matū wera, ka tautuhia e ngā kaipūtaiao ētahi momo enthalpies paerewa:
1. Te enthalpy paerewa o te hanganga (ΔHf°)
Koinei te panonitanga enthalpy ina hangaia te 1 mole o tētahi matū mai i ōna huānga i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa (ko te tikanga he 1 atm me te 25°C). Ko tēnei uara te "poraka hanga" i roto i te tatau i te ΔH o tētahi tauhohenga.
2. Te enthalpy paerewa o te mura (ΔHc°)
Koinei te huringa enthalpy ina tahuna katoatia te 1 mole o tētahi matū ki te hāora. He exothermic te tahunga i te nuinga o te wā, nō reira he kino te ΔHc°.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga enthalpy o te hanganga, ka taea te tatau i te huringa enthalpy o te tauhohenga mā te:
Tauhohenga ΔH = Σ(hua ΔHf°) − Σ(kaitauhohenga ΔHf°)
He maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana tēnei tauira i roto i te matū ā-tinana me te ahupūngao matū, inā koa i te wā e ako ana i ngā tauhohenga i raro i ngā āhuatanga tata-paerewa.
Calorimetry: Me pēhea te ine i te wera o te tauhohenga
Ehara i te mea he ariā noa iho ngā ture o te matū wera engari ka taea hoki te whakamātautau mā te whakamātautau. Ko te tikanga matua mō te ine i te wera o te tauhohenga ko te calorimetry, arā, te ine i te whakawhiti wera mā te whakamahi i te calorimeter.
I roto i tētahi whakamātautau ine karori māmā, ka huri te pāmahana o te wai, o tētahi atu rauemi rānei e karapoti ana i te wera i tukuna, i mimitihia rānei e tētahi tauhohenga. Ko te whanaungatanga taketake ko:
Q = mc ΔT
me:
– Q = wera (Joules)
– m = papatipu (kg, karamu rānei)
– c = wera motuhake (J/kg·K, J/g·°C rānei)
– ΔT = huringa pāmahana
I roto i te ine kaha poma, ka puta te tauhohenga tahunga i roto i tētahi ipu kati, me te pupuri i te rōrahi pumau. He hononga nui ake tēnei ki te huringa o te pūngao ā-roto (ΔU), engari ka taea te huri ki te ΔH mēnā e tika ana.
Te Hiranga i roto i te Ahupūngao me te Ao Tūturu
He whānui te pānga o te matū wera ki te ahupūngao tono. I roto i te mara pūngao, ka āwhina i te whakatau i te uara kaha o ngā wahie, he mea nui mō te whakaputa hiko, ngā miihini waka, me te aromatawai i te whai huatanga o te pūngao. I roto i te pūtaiao rauemi, ka whakamārama te matū wera he aha i hiahiatia ai he pāmahana teitei me te nui o te pūngao mō ētahi tauhohenga i roto i te hanga sima, maitai, uku rānei. I roto i te mara taiao, he mea nui te tatau i ngā wera tahunga ki ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi me ngā rautaki hei whakaiti i te pānga o te mahana o te ao.
Ahakoa i roto i te koiora, ka whakamāramahia e te matū wera te whiwhi a te tinana i te pūngao mai i te kai mā roto i ngā tauhohenga pākia e ngā tauhohenga matū werawera e whakahaerehia ana.
Te Katinga
E kī ana ngā ture o te matū wera i roto i te ahupūngao he hononga tonu ngā tauhohenga matū me ngā huringa ā-tinana ki ngā huringa pūngao ka taea te ine. I runga i te tiakitanga o te pūngao, te ture a Hess, me te ture Lavoisier–Laplace, ka taea e tātou te tatau me te matapae i ngā wera o te tauhohenga, mō te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga taiao me te hoahoa i ngā tukanga ahumahi. Ehara te matū wera i te kohinga tātai noa iho, engari he tirohanga pūtaiao e whakaatu ana he "utu" pūngao, he "hua" rānei ia huringa o te matū. Ko te mārama ki ēnei ture ko te mārama ki tētahi o ngā pūtake matua o te taunekeneke i waenga i te matū me te pūngao i te ao whānui.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi tauira mō te tatau i te ΔH mā te whakamahi i te Ture a Hess, i ngā raraunga ΔHf° rānei, me ngā taahiraa anō hoki.
