Ahupūngao i roto i te Pūtaiao Rauemi Hanga
Pendahuluan
Ko te ahupūngao he peka o te pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūroa. I roto i te horopaki o te pūtaiao rauemi hanga, he mahi nui tā te ahupūngao. Mā te mārama ki ngā mātāpono o te ahupūngao ka taea e ngā kaihangarau me ngā kaihoahoa te hoahoa me te hanga i ngā hanganga haumaru, whai hua, me te pakari. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamahinga o ngā mātāpono o te ahupūngao i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi hanga, mai i te miihini me te thermodynamics ki ngā āhuatanga rauemi.
Ngā Hangarau o ngā Rauemi
Ngā Ture a Newton me āna Whakamahinga i roto i te Hanganga
Ko tētahi o ngā mātāpono matua o te ahupūngao e tino whai tikanga ana i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi hanga ko ngā ture a Newton. Ko te ture tuatahi a Newton e pā ana ki te tūpuku, arā, ka noho tonu te mea i te tūnga, i te nekehanga ōrite rānei i roto i te rārangi tika ki te kore e pāngia e te kaha o waho. I roto i te hanganga whare, ko te tikanga me hoahoa ngā hanganga kia tu atu ki ngā kawenga o waho pērā i te hau, te rū whenua, me ētahi atu kawenga hihiri rānei.
E ai ki te ture tuarua a Newton, he rite te tere o te whakaterenga o tētahi mea ki te kaha e pā ana ki a ia, ā, he rite whakamuri ki tōna papatipu (F = ma). I roto i te horopaki o ngā whare, ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga hanganga tēnei ture hei hoahoa i ngā wāhanga whare pēnei i ngā kurupae, ngā pou, me ngā turanga hei tū atu i ngā kaha e pā ana ki a rātou. Hei tauira, i te wā e hoahoa ana i tētahi piriti, he mea nui kia whakaarohia ngā kaha rerekē pēnei i ngā kawenga waka, te hau, me ngā rū whenua, me te whakarite kia taea e te hanganga te tū atu i ēnei kaha me te kore e hinga.
Te Ture Tiaki Pūngao
E ai ki te ture tiaki pūngao, kāore e taea te hanga, te whakangaro rānei i te pūngao; ka taea anake te huri mai i tētahi āhua ki tētahi atu. I roto i te pūtaiao rauemi hanga, ka whakamahia tēnei mātāpono i roto i ngā huarahi maha, pērā i te tātari i te whai huatanga wera o ngā whare me ngā pūnaha whakamahana me te whakamatao. Hei tauira, i roto i te hoahoa o ngā whare whai hua-pūngao (ngā whare matomato), ka whakamahia e ngā miihini te mātāpono tiaki pūngao hei arotau i te whakamahinga pūngao, hei tauira mā te whakamahi i te whakamarumaru wera pai hei whakaiti i te ngaronga wera, te whakamahi rānei i ngā panera rā hei huri i te pūngao rā hei hiko.
Te Whakamahanatanga i roto i ngā Rauemi Hanga
Te Arataki, te Āwhiowhio, me te Irahiko
Ko te thermodynamics he peka o te ahupūngao e ako ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te wera, te pūngao, me te mahi. I roto i te horopaki o ngā whare, he mea nui te thermodynamics i roto i te hoahoa o ngā pūnaha HVAC (whakamahana, whakapūngao, me te hauhautanga) me te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi hanga.
Ko ngā momo matua e toru o te whakawhiti wera ko te kawe wera, te kawe wera, me te irahiko. Ko te kawe wera te whakawhiti wera mā roto i tētahi rauemi, ā, he mea nui tēnei ina whakaarohia te whakamarumaru o tētahi whare. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia ngā rauemi whakamarumaru pērā i te huruhuru karāhe, te polystyrene rānei hei whakaiti i te whakawhiti wera mā roto i ngā pakitara me te tuanui o tētahi whare.
Ko te whakawhiti wera ko te whakawhiti wera mā te nekehanga o te wai, ko te hau te tikanga. I tēnei wā, ka taea e te hauhautanga tika te āwhina i te whakahaere i te pāmahana o roto mā te tuku i te rere pai o te hau. He mea nui hoki te rere pai o te hau hei ārai i ngā raruraru pēnei i te makuku me te harore, ka kino pea ngā hanganga whare.
Ko te irahiko te whakawhiti i te pūngao wera i roto i te ahua o ngā ngaru hikohiko. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā matapihi he paparanga angiangi hei whakaiti i te wera e riro mai ana i te rā, me te tuku tonu i te mārama taiao kia uru mai. E mōhiotia ana tēnei hangarau ko te karaihe Low-E (Low Emissivity).
Ture Tuarua o te Thermodynamics
E kī ana te ture tuarua o te thermodynamics ka puta noa te whakawhiti wera mai i ngā wāhi pāmahana teitei ki ngā wāhi pāmahana iti, kaua rawa e puta ke. I roto i te horopaki o ngā whare, ka whakamahia tēnei ture, hei tauira, hei hoahoa i ngā pūnaha whakamahana whai hua. Mā te mārama ki te huarahi whakawhiti wera, ka taea e ngā miihini te hoahoa i ngā hanganga e whakaiti ana i te ngaronga wera i te takurua, ā, e ārai ana hoki i te nui o te wera e riro mai ana i te raumati.
Ngā Āhuatanga Rauemi
Te ahotea me te taumahatanga
Ina pāngia tētahi rauemi e tētahi kaha, ka huri tōna āhua, ka whakapōturi rānei. Ko te ahotea me te taumahatanga he ariā matua hei mārama ki te whanonga o ngā rauemi i raro i te kawenga. Ko te ahotea te kaha mō ia wāhanga horahanga e pā ana ki tētahi rauemi, ko te taumahatanga ia ko te whakarerekētanga o te rauemi hei whakautu ki taua ahotea.
He rohenga taumahatanga motuhake tō ia rauemi, ā, ki te hipa atu i tēnā, ka puta he āhua rerekē tuturu, ka pakaru rānei. I roto i te hanganga, he mea nui kia whiriwhiria ngā rauemi ka taea te tu atu i te taumahatanga e tumanakohia ana me te kore e pakaru. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te maitai i roto i te hanganga nā te mea he kaha teitei tōna kume, ko te raima ia he tino pai ki te ātete i te taumahatanga pēhanga.
Te Tauwehenga o te Āhuatanga
Ko te modulus o te ngāwari, e mōhiotia ana ko te modulus a Young, he ine i te pakari o tētahi rauemi. E whakaatu ana i te nui o te whakarerekētanga o te rauemi ka pāngia e te ngāwari (ka taea te huri) ina pēhia. Ko tētahi rauemi he nui te modulus o te ngāwari, pērā i te maitai, ka iti ake te rerekētanga i tētahi rauemi he iti te modulus o te ngāwari, pērā i te rakau, i te taumata ahotea ōrite. He mea nui te mārama ki te modulus o te ngāwari i roto i te hoahoa hanganga kia tino whakarite ai ka mahi te rauemi e whakamahia ana kia rite ki te mea i whakaritea.
Pūngao me te Pumautanga Rauemi
Ko tētahi atu ariā ahupūngao nui i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi ko te kaha me te roa o ngā rauemi. Ko te kaha ka taea e te rauemi te mimiti i mua i te pakaru he mehua nui mō tōna roa. Ko ngā rauemi hanga e taea te mimiti i te nui o te kaha i mua i te pakaru ka kiia he roa ake, he haumaru ake hoki. Hei tauira, he nui te kaha mimiti kaha o te maitai, ā, he pai mō ngā hanganga me tu atu ki ngā kawenga hihiri, pērā i ngā piriti, i ngā whare teitei rānei.
Ngā Wai i roto i te Hanganga
Ngā Ahumahi Wai
Ko te whanaketanga wai he peka o te ahupūngao e ako ana i te nekehanga o ngā wai (ngā wai me ngā hau) me ngā kaha e pā ana ki a rātou. I roto i te horopaki o ngā whare, he mea nui tēnei, hei tauira, i roto i te hoahoa o ngā pūnaha waikeri me ngā pūnaha HVAC. Ko te mātāpono a Bernoulli, e kī ana ko te pikinga o te tere wai me te hekenga o te pēhanga, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia i roto i te hoahoa o ngā pūnaha hauhautanga hei whakarite i te rere pai o te hau.
Te Whakapūmau i te Wai me te Āraiwai o ngā Whare
Ko te waipūtake te ako i ngā wai e takoto ana. He mea nui ngā mātāpono taketake o te waipūtake, pērā i te pēhanga waipūtake, i roto i te hoahoa i ngā hanganga ā-wai. Hei tauira, i te hoahoa i ngā turanga i raro i te papa wai, me whakaaro ngā kaihangarau ki te pēhanga wai e pā ana ki te hanganga, me te whakarite kia taea e ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana te tu atu i tēnei pēhanga me te kore e turuturu.
Te Katinga
He mea nui te mahi a te ahupūngao i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi hanga. Ko te mārama ki ngā mātāpono taketake o te ahupūngao ehara i te mea ka āwhina i te hoahoa i ngā hanganga haumaru me te whai hua anake, engari ka āwhina hoki i te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi tika mō ngā momo tono. Mai i te tikanga o ngā rauemi ki te thermodynamics me te fluid dynamics, mā te whakamahinga o te ahupūngao i roto i te hanganga hou ka whakarite kia kaha ake, kia roa ake, kia pai ake hoki te taiao mō ngā whare o āpōpō. Mā te haere tonu o ngā whanaketanga hangarau me ngā rangahau, ka taea e tātou te tumanako kia nui ake ngā tono auaha o ngā mātāpono ahupūngao i roto i te ao hanga āpōpō.
