Ko Hōkerete me te Tikanga Hōkerete: Ngā Tohu o te Mātauranga i roto i te Ako Matatau
Ko Hōkerete tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro nui rawa atu, tino whai mana hoki i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro o te Hauāuru. I whānau mai ia i Ātene i te tau 470 BC pea, ehara i te mea mō āna tuhinga, mō āna pukapuka rānei, engari mō āna kōrero i tuhia e āna ākonga, inā koa ko Plato. Ko tētahi o āna takoha nui ki te rapunga whakaaro me te whakaaro ko te tikanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e mōhiotia nei ko te tikanga Hōkerete. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e tātou ko wai a Hōkerete, me pēhea te mahi a te tikanga Hōkerete, me tōna hiranga mō te whakaaro me te mātauranga i ēnei rā.
Ko wai a Hōkerete?
I whānau mai a Hōkerete i Ātene ki tētahi whānau o te hunga whai rawa. He kaiwhakairo tōna matua, ā, he kaiwhakawhanau tōna whaea. Ahakoa tōna tūranga pāpori iti, i rongonui whānuitia a Hōkerete mō ōna pūkenga hinengaro me ngā pūkenga matatika whakamiharo. Ko te oranga o Hōkerete e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mahi a Plato rāua ko Xenophon, nā te mea kāore ia i tuhi i tetahi mea.
Ko te mea i motuhake ai a Hōkerete ko tana huarahi ki te mātauranga me te whakaaro nui. Kāore ia i whakaako pērā i te kaiako tuku iho, engari mā te kōrero me te tautohetohe. I whakapono a Hōkerete ko te whakaaro nui pono ka puta mai i te mōhio ki tōna ake kuware. He maha āna kōrero, "Ko taku e mōhio ana ko te kore o tetahi mea e mōhiotia ana e au."
Te Mauri o te Tikanga Socratic
E mōhiotia ana te tikanga a Socrate hei huarahi ki te hanga tautohetohe me te whiwhi mātauranga mā roto i tētahi raupapa pātai me ngā whakautu kua whakaritea. Ko tēnei tikanga e hangai ana ki tētahi kōrero ā-koretake i waenganui i te rua, neke atu rānei o ngā rōpū, e pātai ana tētahi rōpū (ko Socrate te nuinga) i tētahi raupapa pātai hei tūhura me te whakamārama i ngā whakaaro me ngā whakapae o te tautohetohe a te rōpū kē.
Tukanga Tikanga Socratic
1. Ngā Pātai Whakaoho: Ka tīmata a Hōkerete mā te pātai i tētahi pātai ngāwari engari he hohonu. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei pātai he whakaoho i te whakaaro me te whakaaroaro.
2. Te Tūhura i ngā Whakaaro: Whai muri i tēnā, ka ārahi a Hōkerete i te kōrero hei tūhura i ngā whakaaro kei raro i te whakautu tuatahi.
3. Te Whakamātautau Arohaehae: Kātahi ka pātai a Hōkerete i ētahi atu pātai hei whakamātautau i ēnei whakautu me ngā whakapae. He maha ngā wā ka werohia e ēnei pātai ngā whakaaro tuku iho, ā, ka arahi atu ki ngā rerekētanga, ngā whakahē rānei.
4. He Ahunga Hou: Mā roto i tētahi raupapa pātai, ka tohutohuhia ngā kaiuru ki te kōrero kia kimi i ngā whakautu hohonu ake, mārama ake hoki ki te raruraru e kōrerohia ana.
Ngā Whakamahinga me te Hiranga o te Tikanga Socratic
He whānui ngā tono o te tikanga a Socratic, ā, he nui tōna hiranga i roto i ngā mara maha, mai i te mātauranga, te ture, ki te rongoā hinengaro.
Akoranga
I roto i te mātauranga, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te tikanga Socratic i roto i te whakaako me te ako hei whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga whakaaroaro arohaehae me te tātari. Ka āwhina tēnei tikanga i ngā ākonga, ehara i te mea ko te mimiti noa i ngā mōhiohio i te āhua noa, engari ko te tirotiro me te mārama hōhonu hoki i ngā ariā. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā akoranga pāngarau, pūtaiao rānei, ka taea e ngā kaiako te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga hei whakaoho i ngā kōrero hei ārahi i ngā ākonga ki te kimi takitahi i ngā ariā, i ngā tātai rānei.
Ture
I roto i te ao ture, he maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana te tikanga Socratic i roto i te mātauranga ture, inā koa i roto i ngā kura ture i te Hononga o Amerika. Mā roto i tētahi raupapa pātai i hangaia kia mōhiotia, ka whakangungua e ngā ahorangi ture ngā ākonga ki te whakakoi i ō rātou pūkenga tātari ki te whakaoti rapanga ture. Mā tēnei tikanga hoki rātou e whakarite mō te tautohetohe me ngā āhuatanga e hiahia ana ki te whakaaro tere, whakaaro nui.
Whakaora
Ka whakamahia hoki te tikanga Socratic i roto i te hinengaro whakaora, inā koa te whakaora hinengaro-whanonga (CBT). I roto i tēnei horopaki, ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakaora hinengaro ngā pātai e ahu mai ana i a Socratic hei āwhina i ngā kiritaki ki te tautuhi me te whakarerekē i ngā whakaaro me ngā tauira whanonga kino. Hei tauira, ki te mau tonu te kiritaki i ngā whakapono kino me te koretake mō rātou anō, ka taea e te kaiwhakaora hinengaro te wero me te tūhura i ēnei whakapono mā roto i tētahi raupapa pātai, hei whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā māramatanga hou me te māramatanga.
Whakamutunga
He tangata nui a Hōkerete i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro, nāna i whakatairanga angitu te wairua whakaaroaro arohaehae me te hohonu. Mā te tikanga a Hōkerete, i whakaatu ia kāore te mātauranga pono e ahu mai i ngā whakaakoranga o waho, i te mana rānei, engari i ahu mai i te tūhuratanga o roto me te arotake arohaehae o ō tātou ake whakapono. Ehara i te mea he mea nui tēnei tikanga i roto i te horopaki hītori anake, engari he whānui hoki ngā tono mahi i roto i te mātauranga, te ture, te rongoā, me te maha atu o ngā mara.
Ko te ahurei o tēnei tikanga kei roto i tōna kaha ki te whakaoho i ngā tukanga whakaaro hohonu, te whakarei ake i te māramatanga, me te whakatenatena i a tātou kia pātai tonu i ō tātou whakaaro taketake. Arā, e whakaako ana te tikanga a Socratic i a tātou ko te mātauranga pono he haerenga, ehara i te ūnga. He haerenga uiui tonu, he pātai, he māramatanga hohonu ake—he taonga tuku iho pumau i waiho e Socrate ki te ao.
